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diff --git a/man/man1/map.1 b/man/man1/map.1 new file mode 100644 index 00000000..cc73075e --- /dev/null +++ b/man/man1/map.1 @@ -0,0 +1,675 @@ +.TH MAP 1 +.SH NAME +map, mapdemo \- draw maps on various projections +.SH SYNOPSIS +.B map +.I projection +[ +.I option ... +] +.PP +.B mapdemo +.PP +.SH DESCRIPTION +.I Map +prepares on the standard output a +map suitable for display by any +plotting filter described in +.IR plot (1). +A menu of projections is produced in response to an unknown +.IR projection . +.I Mapdemo +is a short course in mapping. +.PP +The default data for +.I map +are world shorelines. +Option +.B -f +accesses more detailed data +classified by feature. +.TP +.BR -f " [ \fIfeature\fR ... ]" +Features are ranked 1 (default) to 4 from major to minor. +Higher-numbered ranks include all lower-numbered ones. +Features are +.RS +.TF country[1-3] +.TP +.BR shore [ 1 - 4 ] +seacoasts, lakes, and islands; option +.B -f +always shows +.B shore1 +.TP +.BR ilake [ 1 - 2 ] +intermittent lakes +.TP +.BR river [ 1 - 4 ] +rivers +.TP +.BR iriver [ 1 - 3 ] +intermittent rivers +.TP +.BR canal [ 1 - 3 ] +.BR 3 =irrigation +canals +.TP +.BR glacier +.TP +.BR iceshelf [ 12 ] +.TP +.BR reef +.TP +.BR saltpan [ 12 ] +.TP +.BR country [ 1 - 3 ] +.BR 2 =disputed +boundaries, +.BR 3 =indefinite +boundaries +.TP +.BR state +states and provinces (US and Canada only) +.PD +.RE +.PP +In other options +coordinates are in degrees, with north latitude +and west longitude counted as positive. +.TP 0 +.BI -l " S N E W" +Set the southern and northern latitude +and the eastern and western longitude limits. +Missing arguments are filled out from the list +\-90, 90, \-180, 180, +or lesser limits suitable to the +projection at hand. +.TP +.BI -k " S N E W +Set the scale as if for a map with limits +.B -l +.I "S N E W"\f1. +Do not consider any +.B -l +or +.B -w +option in setting scale. +.TP +.BI -o " lat lon rot" +Orient the map in a nonstandard position. +Imagine a transparent gridded sphere around the globe. +Turn the overlay about the North Pole +so that the Prime Meridian (longitude 0) +of the overlay coincides with meridian +.I lon +on the globe. +Then tilt the North Pole of the +overlay along its Prime Meridian to latitude +.I lat +on the globe. +Finally again turn the +overlay about its `North Pole' so +that its Prime Meridian coincides with the previous position +of meridian +.IR rot . +Project the map in +the standard form appropriate to the overlay, but presenting +information from the underlying globe. +Missing arguments are filled out from the list +90, 0, 0. +In the absence of +.BR - o , +the orientation is 90, 0, +.IR m , +where +.I m +is the middle of the longitude range. +.TP +.BI -w " S N E W" +Window the map by the specified latitudes +and longitudes in the tilted, rotated coordinate system. +Missing arguments are filled out from the list \-90, 90, \-180, 180. +(It is wise to give an encompassing +.B -l +option with +.BR -w . +Otherwise for small windows computing time +varies inversely with area!) +.TP +.BI -d " n" +For speed, plot only every +.IR n th +point. +.TP +.B -r +Reverse left and right +(good for star charts and inside-out views). +.ns +.TP +.B -v +Verso. +Switch to a normally suppressed sheet of the map, such as the +back side of the earth in orthographic projection. +.TP +.B -s1 +.br +.ns +.TP +.B -s2 +Superpose; outputs for a +.B -s1 +map (no closing) and a +.B -s2 +map (no opening) may be concatenated. +.TP +.BI -g " dlat dlon res" +Grid spacings are +.IR dlat , +.IR dlon . +Zero spacing means no grid. +Missing +.I dlat +is taken to be zero. +Missing +.I dlon +is taken the same as +.IR dlat . +Grid lines are drawn to a resolution of +.I res +(2° or less by default). +In the absence of +.BR - g , +grid spacing is 10°. +.TP +.BI -p " lat lon extent" +Position the point +.I lat, lon +at the center of the plotting area. +Scale the map so that the height (and width) of the +nominal plotting area is +.I extent +times the size of one degree of latitude +at the center. +By default maps are scaled and positioned +to fit within the plotting area. +An +.I extent +overrides option +.BR -k . +.TP +.BI -c " x y rot" +After all other positioning and scaling operations +have been performed, rotate the image +.I rot +degrees counterclockwise about the center +and move the center to position +.IR x , +.IR y , +where the nominal plotting area is +.RI \-1≤ x ≤1, +.RI \-1≤ y ≤1. +Missing arguments are taken to be 0. +.BR -x +Allow the map to extend outside the nominal plotting area. +.TP +.BR -m " [ \fIfile\fP ... ]" +Use +map data from named files. +If no files are named, omit map data. +Names that do not exist as pathnames are looked up in +a standard directory, which contains, in addition to the +data for +.BR -f , +.RS +.LP +.TF counties +.TP +.B world +World Data Bank I (default) +.TP +.B states +US map from Census Bureau +.TP +.B counties +US map from Census Bureau +.PD +.RE +.IP +The environment variables +.B MAP +and +.B MAPDIR +change the default +map and default directory. +.TP +.BI -b " \fR[\fPlat0 lon0 lat1 lon1\fR... ]" +Suppress the drawing of the normal boundary +(defined by options +.BR -l +and +.BR -w ). +Coordinates, if present, define the vertices of a +polygon to which the map is clipped. +If only two vertices are given, they are taken to be the +diagonal of a rectangle. +To draw the polygon, give its vertices as a +.B -u +track. +.TP +.BI -t " file ..." +The +.I files +contain lists of points, +given as latitude-longitude pairs in degrees. +If the first file is named +.LR - , +the standard input is taken instead. +The points of each list are plotted as connected `tracks'. +.IP +Points in a track file may be followed by label strings. +A label breaks the track. +A label may be prefixed by +\fL"\fR, +.LR : , +or +.L ! +and is terminated by a newline. +An unprefixed string or a string prefixed with +.L +" +is displayed at the designated point. +The first word of a +.L : +or +.L ! +string names a special symbol (see option +.BR -y ). +An optional numerical second word is a scale factor +for the size of the symbol, 1 by default. +A +.L : +symbol is aligned with its top to the north; a +.L ! +symbol is aligned vertically on the page. +.TP +.BI -u " file ..." +Same as +.BR -t , +except the tracks are +unbroken lines. +.RB ( -t +tracks appear as dot-dashed lines if the plotting filter supports them.) +.TP +.BI -y " file +The +.I file +contains +.IR plot (7)-style +data for +.L : +or +.L ! +labels in +.B -t +or +.B -u +files. +Each symbol is defined by a comment +.BI : name +then a sequence of +.L m +and +.L v +commands. +Coordinates (0,0) fall on the plotting point. +Default scaling is as if the nominal plotting range were +.LR "ra -1 -1 1 1" ; +.L ra +commands in +.I file +change the scaling. +.SS Projections +Equatorial projections centered on the Prime Meridian +(longitude 0). +Parallels are straight horizontal lines. +.PP +.PD 0 +.TP 1.5i +.B mercator +equally spaced straight meridians, conformal, +straight compass courses +.TP +.B sinusoidal +equally spaced parallels, +equal-area, same as +.LR "bonne 0" . +.TP +.BI cylequalarea " lat0" +equally spaced straight meridians, equal-area, +true scale on +.I lat0 +.TP +.B cylindrical +central projection on tangent cylinder +.TP +.BI rectangular " lat0" +equally spaced parallels, equally spaced straight meridians, true scale on +.I lat0 +.TP +.BI gall " lat0" +parallels spaced stereographically on prime meridian, equally spaced straight +meridians, true scale on +.I lat0 +.TP +.B mollweide +(homalographic) equal-area, hemisphere is a circle +.br +.B gilbert() +sphere conformally mapped on hemisphere and viewed orthographically +.TP +.B gilbert +globe mapped conformally on hemisphere, viewed orthographically +.PD +.PP +Azimuthal projections centered on the North Pole. +Parallels are concentric circles. +Meridians are equally spaced radial lines. +.PP +.PD 0 +.TP 1.5i +.B azequidistant +equally spaced parallels, +true distances from pole +.TP +.B azequalarea +equal-area +.TP +.B gnomonic +central projection on tangent plane, +straight great circles +.TP +.BI perspective " dist" +viewed along earth's axis +.I dist +earth radii from center of earth +.TP +.B orthographic +viewed from infinity +.TP +.B stereographic +conformal, projected from opposite pole +.TP +.B laue +.IR radius " = tan(2\(mu" colatitude ), +used in X-ray crystallography +.TP +.BI fisheye " n" +stereographic seen from just inside medium with refractive index +.I n +.TP +.BI newyorker " r" +.IR radius " = log(" colatitude / r ): +.I New Yorker +map from viewing pedestal of radius +.I r +degrees +.PD +.PP +Polar conic projections symmetric about the Prime Meridian. +Parallels are segments of concentric circles. +Except in the Bonne projection, +meridians are equally spaced radial +lines orthogonal to the parallels. +.PP +.PD 0 +.TP 1.5i +.BI conic " lat0" +central projection on cone tangent at +.I lat0 +.TP +.BI simpleconic " lat0 lat1" +equally spaced parallels, true scale on +.I lat0 +and +.I lat1 +.TP +.BI lambert " lat0 lat1" +conformal, true scale on +.I lat0 +and +.I lat1 +.TP +.BI albers " lat0 lat1" +equal-area, true scale on +.I lat0 +and +.I lat1 +.TP +.BI bonne " lat0" +equally spaced parallels, equal-area, +parallel +.I lat0 +developed from tangent cone +.PD +.PP +Projections with bilateral symmetry about +the Prime Meridian +and the equator. +.PP +.PD 0 +.TP 1.5i +.B polyconic +parallels developed from tangent cones, +equally spaced along Prime Meridian +.TP +.B aitoff +equal-area projection of globe onto 2-to-1 +ellipse, based on +.I azequalarea +.TP +.B lagrange +conformal, maps whole sphere into a circle +.TP +.BI bicentric " lon0" +points plotted at true azimuth from two +centers on the equator at longitudes +.IR ±lon0 , +great circles are straight lines +(a stretched +.IR gnomonic +) +.TP +.BI elliptic " lon0" +points plotted at true distance from +two centers on the equator at longitudes +.I ±lon0 +.TP +.B globular +hemisphere is circle, +circular arc meridians equally spaced on equator, +circular arc parallels equally spaced on 0- and 90-degree meridians +.TP +.B vandergrinten +sphere is circle, +meridians as in +.IR globular , +circular arc parallels resemble +.I mercator +.PD +.PP +Doubly periodic conformal projections. +.PP +.TP 1.5i +.B guyou +W and E hemispheres are square +.PD 0 +.TP +.B square +world is square with Poles +at diagonally opposite corners +.TP +.B tetra +map on tetrahedron with edge +tangent to Prime Meridian at S Pole, +unfolded into equilateral triangle +.TP +.B hex +world is hexagon centered +on N Pole, N and S hemispheres are equilateral +triangles +.PD +.PP +Miscellaneous projections. +.PP +.PD 0 +.TP 1.5i +.BI harrison " dist angle" +oblique perspective from above the North Pole, +.I dist +earth radii from center of earth, looking +along the Date Line +.I angle +degrees off vertical +.TP +.BI trapezoidal " lat0 lat1" +equally spaced parallels, +straight meridians equally spaced along parallels, +true scale at +.I lat0 +and +.I lat1 +on Prime Meridian +.PD +.br +.B lune(lat,angle) +conformal, polar cap above latitude +.I lat +maps to convex lune with given +.I angle +at 90\(deE and 90\(deW +.PP +Retroazimuthal projections. +At every point the angle between vertical and a straight line to +`Mecca', latitude +.I lat0 +on the prime meridian, +is the true bearing of Mecca. +.PP +.PD 0 +.TP 1.5i +.BI mecca " lat0" +equally spaced vertical meridians +.TP +.BI homing " lat0" +distances to Mecca are true +.PD +.PP +Maps based on the spheroid. +Of geodetic quality, these projections do not make sense +for tilted orientations. +For descriptions, see corresponding maps above. +.PP +.PD 0 +.TP 1.5i +.B sp_mercator +.TP +.BI sp_albers " lat0 lat1" +.SH EXAMPLES +.TP +.L +map perspective 1.025 -o 40.75 74 +A view looking down on New York from 100 miles +(0.025 of the 4000-mile earth radius) up. +The job can be done faster by limiting the map so as not to `plot' +the invisible part of the world: +.LR "map perspective 1.025 -o 40.75 74 -l 20 60 30 100". +A circular border can be forced by adding option +.LR "-w 77.33" . +(Latitude 77.33° falls just inside a polar cap of +opening angle arccos(1/1.025) = 12.6804°.) +.TP +.L +map mercator -o 49.25 -106 180 +An `equatorial' map of the earth +centered on New York. +The pole of the map is placed 90\(de away (40.75+49.25=90) +on the +other side of the earth. +A 180° twist around the pole of the map arranges that the +`Prime Meridian' of the map runs from the pole of the +map over the North Pole to New York +instead of down the back side of the earth. +The same effect can be had from +.L +map mercator -o 130.75 74 +.TP +.L +map albers 28 45 -l 20 50 60 130 -m states +A customary curved-latitude map of the United States. +.TP +.L +map harrison 2 30 -l -90 90 120 240 -o 90 0 0 +A fan view covering 60° on either +side of the Date Line, as seen from one earth radius +above the North Pole gazing at the +earth's limb, which is 30° off vertical. +The +.B -o +option overrides the default +.BR "-o 90 0 180" , +which would rotate +the scene to behind the observer. +.SH FILES +.TF /lib/map/[1-4]?? +.TP +.B /lib/map/[1-4]?? +World Data Bank II, for +.B -f +.TP +.B /lib/map/* +maps for +.B -m +.TP +.B /lib/map/*.x +map indexes +.TP +.B /bin/aux/mapd +Map driver program +.SH SOURCE +.B /usr/local/plan9/src/cmd/map +.SH "SEE ALSO" +.IR map (7), +.IR plot (1) +.SH DIAGNOSTICS +`Map seems to be empty'\(ema coarse survey found +zero extent within the +.B -l +and +.BR -w +bounds; for maps of limited extent +the grid resolution, +.IR res , +or the limits may have to be refined. +.SH BUGS +Windows (option +.BR -w ) +cannot cross the Date Line. +No borders appear along edges arising from +visibility limits. +Segments that cross a border are dropped, not clipped. +Excessively large scale or +.B -d +setting may cause long line segments to be dropped. +.I Map +tries to draw grid lines dotted and +.B -t +tracks dot-dashed. +As very few plotting filters properly support +curved textured lines, these lines are likely to +appear solid. +The west-longitude-positive convention +betrays Yankee chauvinism. +.I Gilbert +should be a map from sphere to sphere, independent of +the mapping from sphere to plane. |