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diff --git a/man/man3/print.3 b/man/man3/print.3 new file mode 100644 index 00000000..1fab0ad8 --- /dev/null +++ b/man/man3/print.3 @@ -0,0 +1,469 @@ +.TH PRINT 3 +.de EX +.nf +.ft B +.. +.de EE +.fi +.ft R +.. +.SH NAME +print, fprint, sprint, snprint, seprint, smprint, vfprint, vsnprint, vseprint, vsmprint \- print formatted output +.SH SYNOPSIS +.B #include <utf.h> +.PP +.B #include <fmt.h> +.PP +.ta \w'\fLchar* 'u +.B +int print(char *format, ...) +.PP +.B +int fprint(int fd, char *format, ...) +.PP +.B +int sprint(char *s, char *format, ...) +.PP +.B +int snprint(char *s, int len, char *format, ...) +.PP +.B +char* seprint(char *s, char *e, char *format, ...) +.PP +.B +char* smprint(char *format, ...) +.PP +.B +int runesprint(Rune *s, char *format, ...) +.PP +.B +int runesnprint(Rune *s, int len, char *format, ...) +.PP +.B +Rune* runeseprint(Rune *s, Rune *e, char *format, ...) +.PP +.B +Rune* runesmprint(char *format, ...) +.PP +.B +int vfprint(int fd, char *format, va_list v) +.PP +.B +int vsnprint(char *s, int len, char *format, va_list v) +.PP +.B +char* vseprint(char *s, char *e, char *format, va_list v) +.PP +.B +char* vsmprint(char *format, va_list v) +.PP +.B +int runevsnprint(Rune *s, int len, char *format, va_list v) +.PP +.B +Rune* runevseprint(Rune *s, Rune *e, char *format, va_list v) +.PP +.B +Rune* runevsmprint(Rune *format, va_list v) +.PP +.B +.SH DESCRIPTION +.I Print +writes text to the standard output. +.I Fprint +writes to the named output +file descriptor. +.I Sprint +places text +followed by the NUL character +.RB ( \e0 ) +in consecutive bytes starting at +.IR s ; +it is the user's responsibility to ensure that +enough storage is available. +Each function returns the number of bytes +transmitted (not including the NUL +in the case of +.IR sprint ), +or +a negative value if an output error was encountered. +.PP +.I Snprint +is like +.IR sprint , +but will not place more than +.I len +bytes in +.IR s . +Its result is always NUL-terminated and holds the maximal +number of characters that can fit. +.I Seprint +is like +.IR snprint , +except that the end is indicated by a pointer +.I e +rather than a count and the return value points to the terminating NUL of the +resulting string. +.I Smprint +is like +.IR sprint , +except that it prints into and returns a string of the required length, which is +allocated by +.IR malloc (3). +.PP +The routines +.IR runesprint , +.IR runesnprint , +.IR runeseprint , +and +.I runesmprint +are the same as +.IR sprint , +.IR snprint , +.IR seprint +and +.I smprint +except that their output is rune strings instead of byte strings. +.PP +Finally, the routines +.IR vfprint , +.IR vsnprint , +.IR vseprint , +.IR vsmprint , +.IR runevsnprint , +.IR runevseprint , +and +.I runevsmprint +are like their +.BR v-less +relatives except they take as arguments a +.B va_list +parameter, so they can be called within a variadic function. +The Example section shows a representative usage. +.PP +Each of these functions +converts, formats, and prints its +trailing arguments +under control of a +.IR format +string. +The +format +contains two types of objects: +plain characters, which are simply copied to the +output stream, +and conversion specifications, +each of which results in fetching of +zero or more +arguments. +The results are undefined if there are arguments of the +wrong type or too few +arguments for the format. +If the format is exhausted while +arguments remain, the excess +is ignored. +.PP +Each conversion specification has the following format: +.IP +.B "% [flags] verb +.PP +The verb is a single character and each flag is a single character or a +(decimal) numeric string. +Up to two numeric strings may be used; +the first is called +.IR width , +the second +.IR precision . +A period can be used to separate them, and if the period is +present then +.I width +and +.I precision +are taken to be zero if missing, otherwise they are `omitted'. +Either or both of the numbers may be replaced with the character +.BR * , +meaning that the actual number will be obtained from the argument list +as an integer. +The flags and numbers are arguments to +the +.I verb +described below. +.PP +The numeric verbs +.BR d , +.BR i , +.BR u , +.BR o , +.BR b , +.BR x , +and +.B X +format their arguments in decimal, decimal, +unsigned decimal, octal, binary, hexadecimal, and upper case hexadecimal. +Each interprets the flags +.BR 0 , +.BR h , +.BR hh , +.BR l , +.BR + , +.BR - , +.BR , , +and +.B # +to mean pad with zeros, +short, byte, long, always print a sign, left justified, commas every three digits, +and alternate format. +Also, a space character in the flag +position is like +.BR + , +but prints a space instead of a plus sign for non-negative values. +If neither +short nor long is specified, +then the argument is an +.BR int . +If an unsigned verb is specified, +then the argument is interpreted as a +positive number and no sign is output; +space and +.B + +flags are ignored for unsigned verbs. +If two +.B l +flags are given, +then the argument is interpreted as a +.B vlong +(usually an 8-byte, sometimes a 4-byte integer). +If +.I precision +is not omitted, the number is padded on the left with zeros +until at least +.I precision +digits appear. +If +.I precision +is explicitly 0, and the number is 0, +no digits are generated, and alternate formatting +does not apply. +Then, if alternate format is specified, +for +.B o +conversion, the number is preceded by a +.B 0 +if it doesn't already begin with one. +For non-zero numbers and +.B x +conversion, the number is preceded by +.BR 0x ; +for +.B X +conversion, the number is preceded by +.BR 0X . +Finally, if +.I width +is not omitted, the number is padded on the left (or right, if +left justification is specified) with enough blanks to +make the field at least +.I width +characters long. +.PP +The floating point verbs +.BR f , +.BR e , +.BR E , +.BR g , +and +.B G +take a +.B double +argument. +Each interprets the flags +.BR 0 , +.BR L +.BR + , +.BR - , +and +.B # +to mean pad with zeros, +long double argument, +always print a sign, +left justified, +and +alternate format. +.I Width +is the minimum field width and, +if the converted value takes up less than +.I width +characters, it is padded on the left (or right, if `left justified') +with spaces. +.I Precision +is the number of digits that are converted after the decimal place for +.BR e , +.BR E , +and +.B f +conversions, +and +.I precision +is the maximum number of significant digits for +.B g +and +.B G +conversions. +The +.B f +verb produces output of the form +.RB [ - ] digits [ .digits\fR]. +.B E +conversion appends an exponent +.BR E [ - ] digits , +and +.B e +conversion appends an exponent +.BR e [ - ] digits . +The +.B g +verb will output the argument in either +.B e +or +.B f +with the goal of producing the smallest output. +Also, trailing zeros are omitted from the fraction part of +the output, and a trailing decimal point appears only if it is followed +by a digit. +The +.B G +verb is similar, but uses +.B E +format instead of +.BR e . +When alternate format is specified, the result will always contain a decimal point, +and for +.B g +and +.B G +conversions, trailing zeros are not removed. +.PP +The +.B s +verb copies a string +(pointer to +.BR char ) +to the output. +The number of characters copied +.RI ( n ) +is the minimum +of the size of the string and +.IR precision . +These +.I n +characters are justified within a field of +.I width +characters as described above. +If a +.I precision +is given, it is safe for the string not to be nul-terminated +as long as it is at least +.I precision +characters (not bytes!) long. +The +.B S +verb is similar, but it interprets its pointer as an array +of runes (see +.IR utf (7)); +the runes are converted to +.SM UTF +before output. +.PP +The +.B c +verb copies a single +.B char +(promoted to +.BR int ) +justified within a field of +.I width +characters as described above. +The +.B C +verb is similar, but works on runes. +.PP +The +.B p +verb formats a pointer value. +At the moment, it is a synonym for +.BR x , +but that will change if pointers and integers are different sizes. +.PP +The +.B r +verb takes no arguments; it copies the error string returned by a call to +.IR strerror (3) +with an argument of +.IR errno. +.PP +Custom verbs may be installed using +.IR fmtinstall (3). +.SH EXAMPLE +This function prints an error message with a variable +number of arguments and then quits. +.IP +.EX +.ta 6n +6n +6n +void fatal(char *msg, ...) +{ + char buf[1024], *out; + va_list arg; + + out = vseprint(buf, buf+sizeof buf, "Fatal error: "); + va_start(arg, msg); + out = vseprint(out, buf+sizeof buf, msg, arg); + va_end(arg); + write(2, buf, out-buf); + exit(1); +} +.EE +.SH SEE ALSO +.IR fmtinstall (3), +.IR fprintf (3), +.IR utf (7) +.SH DIAGNOSTICS +Routines that write to a file descriptor or call +.IR malloc +set +.IR errstr . +.SH BUGS +The formatting is close to that specified for ANSI +.IR fprintf (3); +the main difference is that +.B b +and +.B r +are not in ANSI and some +.B C9X +verbs are missing. +Also, and distinctly not a bug, +.I print +and friends generate +.SM UTF +rather than +.SM ASCII. +.PP +There is no +.BR runeprint , +.BR runefprint , +etc. because runes are byte-order dependent and should not be written directly to a file; use the +UTF output of +.I print +or +.I fprint +instead. +Also, +.I sprint +is deprecated for safety reasons; use +.IR snprint , +.IR seprint , +or +.I smprint +instead. +Safety also precludes the existence of +.IR runesprint . |