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<head>
<title>acid(1) - Plan 9 from User Space</title>
<meta content="text/html; charset=utf-8" http-equiv=Content-Type>
</head>
<body bgcolor=#ffffff>
<table border=0 cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0 width=100%>
<tr height=10><td>
<tr><td width=20><td>
<tr><td width=20><td><b>ACID(1)</b><td align=right><b>ACID(1)</b>
<tr><td width=20><td colspan=2>
<br>
<p><font size=+1><b>NAME </b></font><br>
<table border=0 cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0><tr height=2><td><tr><td width=20><td>
acid, acidtypes – debugger<br>
</table>
<p><font size=+1><b>SYNOPSIS </b></font><br>
<table border=0 cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0><tr height=2><td><tr><td width=20><td>
<tt><font size=+1>acid</font></tt> [ <tt><font size=+1>−l</font></tt> <i>library</i> ] [ <tt><font size=+1>−wq</font></tt> ] [ <tt><font size=+1>−m</font></tt> <i>machine</i> ] [ <i>pid</i> | <i>core</i> ] [ <i>textfile</i>
]
<table border=0 cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0><tr height=5><td></table>
<tt><font size=+1>acidtypes</font></tt> [ <tt><font size=+1>−p</font></tt> <i>prefix</i> ] <i>file</i> ...<br>
</table>
<p><font size=+1><b>DESCRIPTION </b></font><br>
<table border=0 cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0><tr height=2><td><tr><td width=20><td>
<i>Acid</i> is a programmable symbolic debugger. It can inspect one or
more processes that share an address space. A program to be debugged
may be specified by the process id of a running or defunct process,
or by the name of the program’s text file (<tt><font size=+1>a.out</font></tt> by default).
At the prompt, <i>acid</i> will store function definitions
or print the value of expressions. Options are<br>
<tt><font size=+1>−w</font></tt> Allow the textfile to be modified.<br>
<tt><font size=+1>−q</font></tt> Print variable renamings at startup.<br>
<tt><font size=+1>−l</font></tt> <i>library</i> Load from <i>library</i> at startup; see below.<br>
<tt><font size=+1>−m</font></tt> <i>machine</i> Assume instructions are for the given CPU type (see
<a href="../man3/mach.html"><i>mach</i>(3)</a>) instead of using the executable header to select the
CPU type.<br>
<tt><font size=+1>−k</font></tt> Debug the kernel state for the process, rather than the user
state.
<table border=0 cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0><tr height=5><td></table>
At startup, <i>acid</i> obtains standard function definitions from the
library file <tt><font size=+1>/usr/local/plan9/acid/port</font></tt>, architecture-dependent
functions from <tt><font size=+1>/usr/local/plan9/acid/$objtype</font></tt>, user-specified
functions from <tt><font size=+1>$home/lib/acid</font></tt>, and further functions from <tt><font size=+1>−l</font></tt> files.
Definitions in any file may
override previously defined functions. If the function <i>acidinit</i>()
is defined, it will be invoked after all modules have been loaded.
Then the function <i>acidmap</i>() will be invoked if defined. <tt><font size=+1>/usr/local/plan9/acid/port</font></tt>
provides a definition of <i>acidmap</i> that attaches all the shared
libraries being used by the target
process and then runs <i>acidtypes</i> (<i>q.v.</i>) to create <i>acid</i> functions
for examining data structures.<br>
<p><font size=+1><b>Language </b></font><br>
Symbols of the program being debugged become integer variables
whose values are addresses. Contents of addresses are obtained
by indirection. Local variables are qualified by function name,
for example <tt><font size=+1>main:argv</font></tt>. When program symbols conflict with <i>acid</i>
words, distinguishing <tt><font size=+1>$</font></tt> signs are prefixed. Such
renamings are reported at startup; option <tt><font size=+1>−q</font></tt> suppresses them.
<table border=0 cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0><tr height=5><td></table>
Variable types (<i>integer, float, list, string</i>) and formats are
inferred from assignments. Truth values false/true are attributed
to zero/nonzero integers or floats and to empty/nonempty lists
or strings. Lists are sequences of expressions surrounded by <tt><font size=+1>{}</font></tt>
and separated by commas.
<table border=0 cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0><tr height=5><td></table>
Expressions are much as in C, but yield both a value and a format.
Casts to complex types are allowed. Lists admit the following
operators, with subscripts counted from 0.<br>
<table border=0 cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0><tr height=2><td><tr><td width=20><td>
<tt><font size=+1>head</font></tt> <i>list<br>
</i><tt><font size=+1>tail</font></tt> <i>list<br>
</i><tt><font size=+1>append</font></tt> <i>list</i><tt><font size=+1>,</font></tt> <i>element<br>
</i><tt><font size=+1>delete</font></tt> <i>list</i><tt><font size=+1>,</font></tt> <i>subscript
<table border=0 cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0><tr height=5><td></table>
</i>
</table>
Format codes are the same as in <a href="../man1/db.html"><i>db</i>(1)</a>. Formats may be attached
to (unary) expressions with <tt><font size=+1>\</font></tt>, e.g. <tt><font size=+1>(32*7)\D</font></tt>. There are two indirection
operators, <tt><font size=+1>*</font></tt> to address a core image, <tt><font size=+1>@</font></tt> to address a text file.
The type and format of the result are determined by the format
of the operand, whose type must be integer.
<table border=0 cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0><tr height=5><td></table>
Statements are<br>
<table border=0 cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0><tr height=2><td><tr><td width=20><td>
<tt><font size=+1>if</font></tt> <i>expr</i> <tt><font size=+1>then</font></tt> <i>statement</i> [ <tt><font size=+1>else</font></tt> <i>statement</i> ]<br>
<tt><font size=+1>while</font></tt> <i>expr</i> <tt><font size=+1>do</font></tt> <i>statement<br>
</i><tt><font size=+1>loop</font></tt> <i>expr</i><tt><font size=+1>,</font></tt> <i>expr</i> <tt><font size=+1>do</font></tt> <i>statement<br>
</i><tt><font size=+1>defn</font></tt> <i>name</i><tt><font size=+1>(</font></tt><i>args</i><tt><font size=+1>) {</font></tt> <i>statement</i> <tt><font size=+1>}<br>
defn</font></tt> <i>name<br>
name</i><tt><font size=+1>(</font></tt><i>args</i><tt><font size=+1>)<br>
builtin</font></tt> <i>name</i><tt><font size=+1>(</font></tt><i>args</i><tt><font size=+1>)<br>
local</font></tt> <i>name<br>
</i><tt><font size=+1>return</font></tt> <i>expr<br>
</i><tt><font size=+1>whatis</font></tt> [ <i>name</i> ]
<table border=0 cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0><tr height=5><td></table>
</table>
The statement <tt><font size=+1>defn</font></tt> <i>name</i> clears the definition for <i>name</i>. A <tt><font size=+1>defn</font></tt>
may override a built-in function; prefixing a function call with
<tt><font size=+1>builtin</font></tt> ignores any overriding <tt><font size=+1>defn</font></tt>, forcing the use of the built-in
function.
<table border=0 cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0><tr height=5><td></table>
Here is a partial list of functions; see the manual for a complete
list.<br>
<tt><font size=+1>stk()</font></tt> Print a stack trace for current process.<br>
<tt><font size=+1>lstk()</font></tt> Print a stack trace with values of local variables.<br>
<tt><font size=+1>gpr()</font></tt> Print general registers. Registers can also be accessed by
name, for example <tt><font size=+1>*R0</font></tt>.<br>
<tt><font size=+1>spr()</font></tt> Print special registers such as program counter and stack
pointer.<br>
<tt><font size=+1>fpr()</font></tt> Print floating-point registers.<br>
<tt><font size=+1>regs()</font></tt> Same as <tt><font size=+1>spr();gpr()</font></tt>.<br>
<tt><font size=+1>fmt(</font></tt><i>expr</i><tt><font size=+1>,</font></tt><i>format</i><tt><font size=+1>)<br>
</font></tt>
<table border=0 cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0><tr height=2><td><tr><td width=20><td>
<table border=0 cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0><tr height=2><td><tr><td width=20><td>
Expression <i>expr</i> with format given by the character value of expression
<i>format</i>.<br>
</table>
</table>
<tt><font size=+1>src(</font></tt><i>address</i><tt><font size=+1>)</font></tt> Print 10 lines of source around the program address.<br>
<tt><font size=+1>Bsrc(</font></tt><i>address</i><tt><font size=+1>)</font></tt> Get the source line for the program address into
a window of a running <a href="../man1/sam.html"><i>sam</i>(1)</a> and select it.<br>
<tt><font size=+1>line(</font></tt><i>address</i><tt><font size=+1>)</font></tt> Print source line nearest to the program address.<br>
<tt><font size=+1>source()</font></tt> List current source directories.<br>
<tt><font size=+1>addsrcdir(</font></tt><i>string</i><tt><font size=+1>)<br>
</font></tt>
<table border=0 cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0><tr height=2><td><tr><td width=20><td>
<table border=0 cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0><tr height=2><td><tr><td width=20><td>
Add a source directory to the list.<br>
</table>
</table>
<tt><font size=+1>filepc(</font></tt><i>where</i><tt><font size=+1>)</font></tt> Convert a string of the form <i>sourcefile</i><tt><font size=+1>:</font></tt><i>linenumber</i>
to a machine address.<br>
<tt><font size=+1>pcfile(</font></tt><i>address</i><tt><font size=+1>)</font></tt>Convert a machine address to a source file name.<br>
<tt><font size=+1>pcline(</font></tt><i>address</i><tt><font size=+1>)</font></tt>Convert a machine address to a source line number.<br>
<tt><font size=+1>bptab()</font></tt> List breakpoints set in the current process.<br>
<tt><font size=+1>bpset(</font></tt><i>address</i><tt><font size=+1>)</font></tt> Set a breakpoint in the current process at the given
address. (Doesn’t work on Unix yet.)<br>
<tt><font size=+1>bpdel(</font></tt><i>address</i><tt><font size=+1>)</font></tt> Delete a breakpoint from the current process.<br>
<tt><font size=+1>cont()</font></tt> Continue execution of current process and wait for it to
stop.<br>
<tt><font size=+1>step()</font></tt> Execute a single machine instruction in the current process.
(Doesn’t work on Unix yet.)<br>
<tt><font size=+1>func()</font></tt> Step repeatedly until after a function return.<br>
<tt><font size=+1>stopped(</font></tt><i>pid</i><tt><font size=+1>)</font></tt> This replaceable function is called automatically
when the given process stops. It normally prints the program counter
and returns to the prompt.<br>
<tt><font size=+1>asm(</font></tt><i>address</i><tt><font size=+1>)</font></tt> Disassemble 30 machine instructions beginning at the
given address.<br>
<tt><font size=+1>mem(</font></tt><i>address</i><tt><font size=+1>,</font></tt><i>string</i><tt><font size=+1>)<br>
</font></tt>
<table border=0 cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0><tr height=2><td><tr><td width=20><td>
<table border=0 cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0><tr height=2><td><tr><td width=20><td>
Print a block of memory interpreted according to a string of format
codes.<br>
</table>
</table>
<tt><font size=+1>dump(</font></tt><i>address</i><tt><font size=+1>,</font></tt><i>n</i><tt><font size=+1>,</font></tt><i>string</i><tt><font size=+1>)<br>
</font></tt>
<table border=0 cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0><tr height=2><td><tr><td width=20><td>
<table border=0 cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0><tr height=2><td><tr><td width=20><td>
Like <tt><font size=+1>mem</font></tt>(), repeated for <i>n</i> consecutive blocks.<br>
</table>
</table>
<tt><font size=+1>print(</font></tt><i>expr</i><tt><font size=+1>,</font></tt><i>...</i><tt><font size=+1>)</font></tt> Print the values of the expressions.<br>
<tt><font size=+1>newproc(</font></tt><i>arguments</i><tt><font size=+1>)<br>
</font></tt>
<table border=0 cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0><tr height=2><td><tr><td width=20><td>
<table border=0 cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0><tr height=2><td><tr><td width=20><td>
Start a new process with arguments given as a string and halt
at the first instruction.<br>
</table>
</table>
<tt><font size=+1>new()</font></tt> Like <i>newproc</i>(), but take arguments (except <tt><font size=+1>argv[0]</font></tt>) from
string variable <tt><font size=+1>progargs</font></tt>.<br>
<tt><font size=+1>win()</font></tt> Like <i>new</i>(), but run the process in a separate window.<br>
<tt><font size=+1>start(</font></tt><i>pid</i><tt><font size=+1>)</font></tt> Start a stopped process.<br>
<tt><font size=+1>kill(</font></tt><i>pid</i><tt><font size=+1>)</font></tt> Kill the given process.<br>
<tt><font size=+1>setproc(</font></tt><i>pid</i><tt><font size=+1>)</font></tt> Make the given process current.<br>
<tt><font size=+1>rc(</font></tt><i>string</i><tt><font size=+1>)</font></tt> Escape to the shell, <a href="../man1/rc.html"><i>rc</i>(1)</a>, to execute the command string.<br>
<tt><font size=+1>include(</font></tt><i>string</i><tt><font size=+1>)</font></tt>Read acid commands from the named file.<br>
<tt><font size=+1>includepipe(</font></tt><i>string</i><tt><font size=+1>)<br>
</font></tt>
<table border=0 cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0><tr height=2><td><tr><td width=20><td>
<table border=0 cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0><tr height=2><td><tr><td width=20><td>
Run the command string, reading its standard output as acid commands.<br>
</table>
</table>
<p><font size=+1><b>Shared library segments </b></font><br>
When a pid or core file is specified on the command line, <i>acid</i>
will, as part of its startup, determine the set of shared libraries
in use by the process image and map those at appropriate locations.
If <i>acid</i> is started without a pid or core file and is subsequently
attached to a process via <tt><font size=+1>setproc</font></tt>, the shared library maps
can be initialized by calling <tt><font size=+1>dynamicmap()</font></tt>.<br>
<p><font size=+1><b>Type information </b></font><br>
Unix compilers conventionally include detailed type information
in the debugging symbol section of binaries. The external program
<tt><font size=+1>acidtypes</font></tt> extracts this information and formats it as <i>acid</i> program
text. Once the shared libraries have been mapped, the default
<i>acid</i> startup invokes <tt><font size=+1>acidtypes</font></tt> (via
<tt><font size=+1>includepipe</font></tt>) on the set of currently mapped text files. The function
<tt><font size=+1>acidtypes()</font></tt> can be called to rerun the command after changing
the set of mapped text files.<br>
<p><font size=+1><b>Acid Libraries </b></font><br>
There are a number of <i>acid</i> ‘libraries’ that provide higher-level
debugging facilities. One notable example is <i>trump</i>, which uses
<i>acid</i> to trace memory allocation. <i>Trump</i> requires starting <i>acid</i>
on the program, either by attaching to a running process or by
executing <tt><font size=+1>new()</font></tt> on a binary (perhaps after setting <tt><font size=+1>progargs</font></tt>),
stopping the process, and then running <tt><font size=+1>trump()</font></tt> to execute the
program under the scaffolding. The output will be a trace of the
memory allocation and free calls executed by the program. When
finished tracing, stop the process and execute <tt><font size=+1>untrump()</font></tt> followed
by <tt><font size=+1>cont()</font></tt> to resume execution.
</table>
<p><font size=+1><b>EXAMPLES </b></font><br>
<table border=0 cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0><tr height=2><td><tr><td width=20><td>
Start to debug <tt><font size=+1>/bin/ls</font></tt>; set some breakpoints; run up to the first
one (this example doesn’t work on Unix yet):<br>
<table border=0 cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0><tr height=2><td><tr><td width=20><td>
<tt><font size=+1>% acid /bin/ls<br>
/bin/ls: mips plan 9 executable<br>
/sys/lib/acid/port<br>
/sys/lib/acid/mips<br>
acid: new()<br>
70094: system call _main ADD $−0x14,R29<br>
70094: breakpoint main+0x4 MOVW R31,0x0(R29)<br>
acid: pid<br>
70094<br>
acid: argv0 = **main:argv\s<br>
acid: whatis argv0<br>
integer variable format s<br>
acid: *argv0<br>
/bin/ls<br>
acid: bpset(ls)<br>
acid: cont()<br>
70094: breakpoint ls ADD $−0x16c8,R29<br>
acid: <br>
<table border=0 cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0><tr height=5><td></table>
</font></tt>
</table>
Display elements of a linked list of structures:<br>
<table border=0 cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0><tr height=2><td><tr><td width=20><td>
<tt><font size=+1>complex Str { 'D' 0 val; 'X' 4 next; };<br>
s = *headstr;<br>
while s != 0 do{<br>
<table border=0 cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0><tr height=2><td><tr><td width=20><td>
complex Str s;<br>
print(s.val, "\n");<br>
s = s.next;<br>
</table>
}<br>
<table border=0 cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0><tr height=5><td></table>
</font></tt>
</table>
Note the use of the <tt><font size=+1>.</font></tt> operator instead of <tt><font size=+1>−></font></tt>.
<table border=0 cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0><tr height=5><td></table>
Display an array of bytes declared in C as <tt><font size=+1>char array[]</font></tt>.<br>
<table border=0 cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0><tr height=2><td><tr><td width=20><td>
<tt><font size=+1>*(array\s)<br>
<table border=0 cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0><tr height=5><td></table>
</font></tt>
</table>
This example gives <tt><font size=+1>array</font></tt> string format, then prints the string
beginning at the address (in <i>acid</i> notation) <tt><font size=+1>*array</font></tt>.
<table border=0 cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0><tr height=5><td></table>
Trace the system calls executed by <a href="../man1/ls.html"><i>ls</i>(1)</a> (neither does this one):<br>
<table border=0 cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0><tr height=2><td><tr><td width=20><td>
<tt><font size=+1>% acid −l truss /bin/ls<br>
/bin/ls:386 plan 9 executable<br>
/sys/lib/acid/port<br>
/sys/lib/acid/kernel<br>
/sys/lib/acid/truss<br>
/sys/lib/acid/386<br>
acid: progargs = "−l lib/profile"<br>
acid: new()<br>
acid: truss()<br>
open("#c/pid", 0)<br>
<table border=0 cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0><tr height=2><td><tr><td width=20><td>
return value: 3<br>
</table>
pread(3, 0x7fffeeac, 20, −1)<br>
<table border=0 cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0><tr height=2><td><tr><td width=20><td>
return value: 12<br>
data: " 166 "<br>
</table>
...<br>
stat("lib/profile", 0x0000f8cc, 113)<br>
<table border=0 cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0><tr height=2><td><tr><td width=20><td>
return value: 65<br>
</table>
open("/env/timezone", 0)<br>
<table border=0 cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0><tr height=2><td><tr><td width=20><td>
return value: 3<br>
</table>
pread(3, 0x7fffd7c4, 1680, −1)<br>
<table border=0 cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0><tr height=2><td><tr><td width=20><td>
return value: 1518<br>
data: "EST −18000 EDT −14400<br>
9943200 25664400 41392800 57718800 73447200 89168400<br>
104896800 ..."<br>
</table>
close(3)<br>
<table border=0 cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0><tr height=2><td><tr><td width=20><td>
return value: 0<br>
</table>
pwrite(1, "−−rw−rw−r−− M 9 rob rob 2519 Mar 22 10:29 lib/profile<br>
", 54, −1)<br>
−−rw−rw−r−− M 9 rob rob 2519 Mar 22 10:29 lib/profile<br>
<table border=0 cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0><tr height=2><td><tr><td width=20><td>
return value: 54<br>
</table>
...<br>
166: breakpoint _exits+0x5 INTB $0x40<br>
acid: cont()<br>
</font></tt>
</table>
</table>
<p><font size=+1><b>FILES </b></font><br>
<table border=0 cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0><tr height=2><td><tr><td width=20><td>
<tt><font size=+1>/usr/local/plan9/acid/$objtype<br>
/usr/local/plan9/acid/port<br>
/usr/local/plan9/acid/kernel<br>
/usr/local/plan9/acid/trump<br>
/usr/local/plan9/acid/truss<br>
$home/lib/acid<br>
</font></tt>
</table>
<p><font size=+1><b>SOURCE </b></font><br>
<table border=0 cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0><tr height=2><td><tr><td width=20><td>
<tt><font size=+1>/usr/local/plan9/src/cmd/acid<br>
</font></tt>
</table>
<p><font size=+1><b>SEE ALSO </b></font><br>
<table border=0 cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0><tr height=2><td><tr><td width=20><td>
<a href="../man1/mk.html"><i>mk</i>(1)</a>, <a href="../man1/db.html"><i>db</i>(1)</a><br>
Phil Winterbottom, “Acid Manual”.<br>
</table>
<p><font size=+1><b>DIAGNOSTICS </b></font><br>
<table border=0 cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0><tr height=2><td><tr><td width=20><td>
At termination, kill commands are proposed for processes that
are still active.<br>
</table>
<p><font size=+1><b>BUGS </b></font><br>
<table border=0 cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0><tr height=2><td><tr><td width=20><td>
There is no way to redirect the standard input and standard output
of a new process.
<table border=0 cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0><tr height=5><td></table>
Source line selection near the beginning of a file may pick an
adjacent file.
<table border=0 cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0><tr height=5><td></table>
With the extant stepping commands, one cannot step through instructions
outside the text segment and it is hard to debug across process
forks.
<table border=0 cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0><tr height=5><td></table>
Breakpoints do not work yet. Therefore, commands such as <tt><font size=+1>step</font></tt>,
<tt><font size=+1>new</font></tt>, and <tt><font size=+1>truss</font></tt> do not work either. <tt><font size=+1>New</font></tt> in particular will need
some help to cope with dynamic libraries.<br>
</table>
<td width=20>
<tr height=20><td>
</table>
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<tr><td><td>
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