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<head>
<title>acme(1) - Plan 9 from User Space</title>
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<tr><td width=20><td>
<tr><td width=20><td><b>ACME(1)</b><td align=right><b>ACME(1)</b>
<tr><td width=20><td colspan=2>
<br>
<p><font size=+1><b>NAME </b></font><br>
<table border=0 cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0><tr height=2><td><tr><td width=20><td>
acme, win, awd – interactive text windows<br>
</table>
<p><font size=+1><b>SYNOPSIS </b></font><br>
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<tt><font size=+1>acme</font></tt> [ <tt><font size=+1>−f</font></tt> <i>varfont</i> ] [ <tt><font size=+1>−F</font></tt> <i>fixfont</i> ] [ <tt><font size=+1>−c</font></tt> <i>ncol</i> ] [ <tt><font size=+1>−br</font></tt> ] [ <tt><font size=+1>−l</font></tt> <i>file</i>
| <i>file</i> ... ]
<table border=0 cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0><tr height=5><td></table>
<tt><font size=+1>win</font></tt> [ <i>command</i> ]
<table border=0 cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0><tr height=5><td></table>
<tt><font size=+1>awd</font></tt> [ <i>label</i> ]<br>
</table>
<p><font size=+1><b>DESCRIPTION </b></font><br>
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<i>Acme</i> manages windows of text that may be edited interactively
or by external programs. The interactive interface uses the keyboard
and mouse; external programs use a set of files served by <i>acme</i>;
these are discussed in <a href="../man4/acme.html"><i>acme</i>(4)</a>.
<table border=0 cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0><tr height=5><td></table>
Any named <i>files</i> are read into <i>acme</i> windows before <i>acme</i> accepts
input. With the <tt><font size=+1>−l</font></tt> option, the state of the entire system is loaded
from <i>file</i>, which should have been created by a <tt><font size=+1>Dump</font></tt> command (q.v.),
and subsequent <i>file</i> names are ignored. Plain files display as
text; directories display as columnated lists of the
names of their components, as in <tt><font size=+1>ls −p directory|mc</font></tt> except that
the names of subdirectories have a slash appended.
<table border=0 cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0><tr height=5><td></table>
The <tt><font size=+1>−f</font></tt> (<tt><font size=+1>−F</font></tt>) option sets the main font, usually variable-pitch
(alternate, usually fixed-pitch); the default is <tt><font size=+1>/usr/local/plan9/font/lucidasans/euro.8.font</font></tt>
(<tt><font size=+1>.../lucm/unicode.9.font</font></tt>). Tab intervals are set to the width
of 4 (or the value of <tt><font size=+1>$tabstop</font></tt>) numeral zeros in the appropriate
font.
<table border=0 cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0><tr height=5><td></table>
<p><font size=+1><b>Windows </b></font><br>
<i>Acme</i> windows are in two parts: a one-line <i>tag</i> above a multi-line
<i>body</i>. The body typically contains an image of a file, as in <a href="../man1/sam.html"><i>sam</i>(1)</a>,
or the output of a program, as in an <a href="../man1/rio.html"><i>rio</i>(1)</a> window. The tag contains
a number of blank-separated words, followed by a vertical bar
character, followed by anything. The first word is the
name of the window, typically the name of the associated file
or directory, and the other words are commands available in that
window. Any text may be added after the bar; examples are strings
to search for or commands to execute in that window. Changes to
the text left of the bar will be ignored, unless the result is
to change the name of the window.
<table border=0 cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0><tr height=5><td></table>
If a window holds a directory, the name (first word of the tag)
will end with a slash.<br>
<p><font size=+1><b>Scrolling </b></font><br>
Each window has a scroll bar to the left of the body. The scroll
bar behaves much as in <a href="../man1/sam.html"><i>sam</i>(1)</a> or <a href="../man1/rio.html"><i>rio</i>(1)</a> except that scrolling
occurs when the button is pressed, rather than released, and continues
as long as the mouse button is held down in the scroll bar. For
example, to scroll slowly through a file, hold button 3
down near the top of the scroll bar. Moving the mouse down the
scroll bar speeds up the rate of scrolling. (The experimental
option <tt><font size=+1>−r</font></tt> reverses the scrolling behavior of buttons 1 and 3,
to behave more like <a href="../man1/xterm.html"><i>xterm</i>(1)</a>.)<br>
<p><font size=+1><b>Layout </b></font><br>
<i>Acme</i> windows are arranged in columns. By default, it creates two
columns when starting; this can be overridden with the <tt><font size=+1>−c</font></tt> option.
Placement is automatic but may be adjusted using the <i>layout box</i>
in the upper left corner of each window and column. Pressing and
holding any mouse button in the box drags the
associated window or column. For windows, just clicking in the
layout box grows the window in place: button 1 grows it a little,
button 2 grows it as much as it can, still leaving all other tags
in that column visible, and button 3 takes over the column completely,
temporarily hiding other windows in the column. (They
will return <i>en masse</i> if any of them needs attention.) The layout
box in a window is normally white; when it is black in the center,
it records that the file is ‘dirty’: <i>acme</i> believes it is modified
from its original contents.
<table border=0 cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0><tr height=5><td></table>
Tags exist at the top of each column and across the whole display.
<i>Acme</i> pre-loads them with useful commands. Also, the tag across
the top maintains a list of executing long-running commands.<br>
<p><font size=+1><b>Typing </b></font><br>
The behavior of typed text is similar to that in <a href="../man1/rio.html"><i>rio</i>(1)</a> except
that the characters are delivered to the tag or body under the
mouse; there is no ‘click to type’. (The experimental option <tt><font size=+1>−b</font></tt>
causes typing to go to the most recently clicked-at or made window.)
The usual backspacing conventions apply. As in <a href="../man1/sam.html"><i>sam</i>(1)</a> but not
<i>rio</i>, the ESC key selects the text typed since the last mouse action,
a feature particularly useful when executing commands. A side
effect is that typing ESC with text already selected is identical
to a <tt><font size=+1>Cut</font></tt> command (<i>q.v.</i>).
<table border=0 cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0><tr height=5><td></table>
Most text, including the names of windows, may be edited uniformly.
The only exception is that the command names to the left of the
bar in a tag are maintained automatically; changes to them are
repaired by <i>acme</i>.<br>
<p><font size=+1><b>Directory context </b></font><br>
Each window’s tag names a directory: explicitly if the window
holds a directory; implicitly if it holds a regular file (e.g.
the directory <tt><font size=+1>/adm</font></tt> if the window holds <tt><font size=+1>/adm/users</font></tt>). This directory
provides a <i>context</i> for interpreting file names in that window.
For example, the string <tt><font size=+1>users</font></tt> in a window labeled <tt><font size=+1>/adm/</font></tt> or
<tt><font size=+1>/adm/keys</font></tt> will be interpreted as the file name <tt><font size=+1>/adm/users</font></tt>. The
directory is defined purely textually, so it can be a non-existent
directory or a real directory associated with a non-existent file
(e.g. <tt><font size=+1>/adm/not−a−file</font></tt>). File names beginning with a slash are
assumed to be absolute file names.
<p><font size=+1><b>Errors </b></font><br>
Windows whose names begin with <tt><font size=+1>−</font></tt> or <tt><font size=+1>+</font></tt> conventionally hold diagnostics
and other data not directly associated with files. A window labeled
<tt><font size=+1>+Errors</font></tt> receives all diagnostics produced by <i>acme</i> itself. Diagnostics
from commands run by <i>acme</i> appear in a window named <i>directory</i><tt><font size=+1>/+Errors</font></tt>
where <i>directory</i> is
identified by the context of the command. These error windows
are created when needed.<br>
<p><font size=+1><b>Mouse button 1 </b></font><br>
Mouse button 1 selects text just as in <a href="../man1/sam.html"><i>sam</i>(1)</a> or <a href="../man1/rio.html"><i>rio</i>(1)</a><i>,</i> including
the usual double-clicking conventions.<br>
<p><font size=+1><b>Mouse button 2 </b></font><br>
By an action similar to selecting text with button 1, button 2
indicates text to execute as a command. If the indicated text
has multiple white-space-separated words, the first is the command
name and the second and subsequent are its arguments. If button
2 is ‘clicked’--indicates a null string--<i>acme expands</i> the
indicated text to find a command to run: if the click is within
button-1-selected text, <i>acme</i> takes that selection as the command;
otherwise it takes the largest string of valid file name characters
containing the click. Valid file name characters are alphanumerics
and <tt><font size=+1>_ . − + /</font></tt>. This behavior is similar to double-clicking
with button 1 but, because a null command is meaningless, only
a single click is required.
<table border=0 cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0><tr height=5><td></table>
Some commands, all by convention starting with a capital letter,
are <i>built-ins</i> that are executed directly by <i>acme</i>:<br>
<tt><font size=+1>Cut</font></tt> Delete most recently selected text and place in snarf buffer.<br>
<tt><font size=+1>Del</font></tt> Delete window. If window is dirty, instead print a warning;
a second <tt><font size=+1>Del</font></tt> will succeed.<br>
<tt><font size=+1>Delcol<br>
</font></tt>
<table border=0 cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0><tr height=2><td><tr><td width=20><td>
Delete column and all its windows, after checking that windows
are not dirty.<br>
</table>
<tt><font size=+1>Delete<br>
</font></tt>
<table border=0 cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0><tr height=2><td><tr><td width=20><td>
Delete window without checking for dirtiness.<br>
</table>
<tt><font size=+1>Dump</font></tt>Write the state of <i>acme</i> to the file name, if specified, or
<tt><font size=+1>$home/acme.dump</font></tt> by default.<br>
<tt><font size=+1>Edit</font></tt>Treat the argument as a text editing command in the style
of <a href="../man1/sam.html"><i>sam</i>(1)</a>. The full <tt><font size=+1>Sam</font></tt> language is implemented except for the
commands <tt><font size=+1>k</font></tt>, <tt><font size=+1>n</font></tt>, <tt><font size=+1>q</font></tt>, and <tt><font size=+1>!</font></tt>. The <tt><font size=+1>=</font></tt> command is slightly different:
it includes the file name and gives only the line address unless
the command is explicitly <tt><font size=+1>=#</font></tt>. The ‘current window’ for the
<table border=0 cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0><tr height=2><td><tr><td width=20><td>
command is the body of the window in which the <tt><font size=+1>Edit</font></tt> command is
executed. Usually the <tt><font size=+1>Edit</font></tt> command would be typed in a tag; longer
commands may be prepared in a scratch window and executed, with
<tt><font size=+1>Edit</font></tt> itself in the current window, using the 2-1 chord described
below.
</table>
<tt><font size=+1>Exit</font></tt>Exit <i>acme</i> after checking that windows are not dirty.<br>
<tt><font size=+1>Font</font></tt>With no arguments, change the font of the associated window
from fixed-spaced to proportional-spaced or <i>vice versa</i>. Given
a file name argument, change the font of the window to that stored
in the named file. If the file name argument is prefixed by <tt><font size=+1>var</font></tt>
(<tt><font size=+1>fix</font></tt>), also set the default proportional-spaced
<table border=0 cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0><tr height=2><td><tr><td width=20><td>
(fixed-spaced) font for future use to that font. Other existing
windows are unaffected.<br>
</table>
<tt><font size=+1>Get</font></tt> Load file into window, replacing previous contents (after checking
for dirtiness as in <tt><font size=+1>Del</font></tt>). With no argument, use the existing file
name of the window. Given an argument, use that file but do not
change the window’s file name.<br>
<tt><font size=+1>ID</font></tt> Print window ID number (<i>q.v.</i>).<br>
<tt><font size=+1>Incl</font></tt>When opening ‘include’ files (those enclosed in <tt><font size=+1><></font></tt>) with button
3, <i>acme</i> searches in directories <tt><font size=+1>/$objtype/include</font></tt> and <tt><font size=+1>/sys/include</font></tt>.
<tt><font size=+1>Incl</font></tt> adds its arguments to a supplementary list of include directories,
analogous to the <tt><font size=+1>−I</font></tt> option to the compilers. This list is per-window
and is inherited when
<table border=0 cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0><tr height=2><td><tr><td width=20><td>
windows are created by actions in that window, so <i>Incl</i> is most
usefully applied to a directory containing relevant source. With
no arguments, <i>Incl</i> prints the supplementary list. This command
is largely superseded by plumbing (see <a href="../man7/plumb.html"><i>plumb</i>(7)</a>).<br>
</table>
<tt><font size=+1>Kill</font></tt>Send a <tt><font size=+1>kill</font></tt> note to <i>acme</i>-initiated commands named as arguments.<br>
<tt><font size=+1>Local<br>
</font></tt>
<table border=0 cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0><tr height=2><td><tr><td width=20><td>
In the Plan 9 <i>acme</i>, this prefix causes a command to be run in
<i>acme</i>’s<i>own</i> file name space and environment variable group. On Unix
this is impossible. <tt><font size=+1>Local</font></tt> is recognized as a prefix, but has no
effect on the command being executed.<br>
</table>
<tt><font size=+1>Load</font></tt>Restore the state of <i>acme</i> from a file (default <tt><font size=+1>$home/acme.dump</font></tt>)
created by the <tt><font size=+1>Dump</font></tt> command.<br>
<tt><font size=+1>Look</font></tt>Search in body for occurrence of literal text indicated by
the argument or, if none is given, by the selected text in the
body.<br>
<tt><font size=+1>New</font></tt> Make new window. With arguments, load the named files into
windows.<br>
<tt><font size=+1>Newcol<br>
</font></tt>
<table border=0 cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0><tr height=2><td><tr><td width=20><td>
Make new column.<br>
</table>
<tt><font size=+1>Paste<br>
</font></tt>
<table border=0 cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0><tr height=2><td><tr><td width=20><td>
Replace most recently selected text with contents of snarf buffer.<br>
</table>
<tt><font size=+1>Put</font></tt> Write window to the named file. With no argument, write to
the file named in the tag of the window.<br>
<tt><font size=+1>Putall<br>
</font></tt>
<table border=0 cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0><tr height=2><td><tr><td width=20><td>
Write all dirty windows whose names indicate existing regular
files.<br>
</table>
<tt><font size=+1>Redo</font></tt>Complement of <tt><font size=+1>Undo</font></tt>.<br>
<tt><font size=+1>Send</font></tt>Append selected text or snarf buffer to end of body; used
mainly with <i>win</i>.<br>
<tt><font size=+1>Snarf<br>
</font></tt>
<table border=0 cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0><tr height=2><td><tr><td width=20><td>
Place selected text in snarf buffer.<br>
</table>
<tt><font size=+1>Sort</font></tt>Arrange the windows in the column from top to bottom in lexicographical
order based on their names.<br>
<tt><font size=+1>Tab</font></tt> Set the width of tab stops for this window to the value of
the argument, in units of widths of the zero character. With no
arguments, it prints the current value.<br>
<tt><font size=+1>Undo</font></tt>Undo last textual change or set of changes.<br>
<tt><font size=+1>Zerox<br>
</font></tt>
<table border=0 cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0><tr height=2><td><tr><td width=20><td>
Create a copy of the window containing most recently selected
text.
<table border=0 cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0><tr height=5><td></table>
</table>
A common place to store text for commands is in the tag; in fact
<i>acme</i> maintains a set of commands appropriate to the state of the
window to the left of the bar in the tag.
<table border=0 cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0><tr height=5><td></table>
If the text indicated with button 2 is not a recognized built-in,
it is executed as a shell command. For example, indicating <tt><font size=+1>date</font></tt>
with button 2 runs <a href="../man1/date.html"><i>date</i>(1)</a>. The standard and error outputs of
commands are sent to the error window associated with the directory
from which the command was run, which will be created if
necessary. For example, in a window <tt><font size=+1>/etc/passwd</font></tt> executing <tt><font size=+1>pwd</font></tt>
will produce the output <tt><font size=+1>/etc</font></tt> in a (possibly newly-created) window
labeled <tt><font size=+1>/etc/+Errors</font></tt>; in a window containing <tt><font size=+1>/home/rob/sam/sam.c</font></tt>
executing <tt><font size=+1>mk</font></tt> will run <a href="../man1/mk.html"><i>mk</i>(1)</a> in <tt><font size=+1>/home/rob/sam</font></tt>, producing output
in a window labeled
<tt><font size=+1>/home/rob/sam/+Errors</font></tt>. The environment of such commands contains
the variable <tt><font size=+1>$%</font></tt> with value set to the filename of the window in
which the command is run, and <tt><font size=+1>$winid</font></tt> set to the window’s id number
(see <a href="../man4/acme.html"><i>acme</i>(4)</a>).<br>
<p><font size=+1><b>Mouse button 3 </b></font><br>
Pointing at text with button 3 instructs <i>acme</i> to locate or acquire
the file, string, etc. described by the indicated text and its
context. This description follows the actions taken when button
3 is released after sweeping out some text. In the description,
<i>text</i> refers to the text of the original sweep or, if it was null,
the
result of applying the same expansion rules that apply to button
2 actions.
<table border=0 cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0><tr height=5><td></table>
If the text names an existing window, <i>acme</i> moves the mouse cursor
to the selected text in the body of that window. If the text names
an existing file with no associated window, <i>acme</i> loads the file
into a new window and moves the mouse there. If the text is a
file name contained in angle brackets, <i>acme</i> loads the
indicated include file from the directory appropriate to the suffix
of the file name of the window holding the text. (The <tt><font size=+1>Incl</font></tt> command
adds directories to the standard list.)
<table border=0 cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0><tr height=5><td></table>
If the text begins with a colon, it is taken to be an address,
in the style of <a href="../man1/sam.html"><i>sam</i>(1)</a>, within the body of the window containing
the text. The address is evaluated, the resulting text highlighted,
and the mouse moved to it. Thus, in <i>acme</i>, one must type <tt><font size=+1>:/regexp</font></tt>
or <tt><font size=+1>:127</font></tt> not just <tt><font size=+1>/regexp</font></tt> or <tt><font size=+1>127</font></tt>. (There is an easier
way to locate literal text; see below.)
<table border=0 cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0><tr height=5><td></table>
If the text is a file name followed by a colon and an address,
<i>acme</i> loads the file and evaluates the address. For example, clicking
button 3 anywhere in the text <tt><font size=+1>file.c:27</font></tt> will open <tt><font size=+1>file.c</font></tt>, select
line 27, and put the mouse at the beginning of the line. The rules
about Error files, directories, and so on all combine
to make this an efficient way to investigate errors from compilers,
etc.
<table border=0 cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0><tr height=5><td></table>
If the text is not an address or file, it is taken to be literal
text, which is then searched for in the body of the window in
which button 3 was clicked. If a match is found, it is selected
and the mouse is moved there. Thus, to search for occurrences
of a word in a file, just click button 3 on the word. Because
of the rule of
using the selection as the button 3 action, subsequent clicks
will find subsequent occurrences without moving the mouse.
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In all these actions, the mouse motion is not done if the text
is a null string within a non-null selected string in the tag,
so that (for example) complex regular expressions may be selected
and applied repeatedly to the body by just clicking button 3 over
them.<br>
<p><font size=+1><b>Chords of mouse buttons </b></font><br>
Several operations are bound to multiple-button actions. After
selecting text, with button 1 still down, pressing button 2 executes
<tt><font size=+1>Cut</font></tt> and button 3 executes <tt><font size=+1>Paste</font></tt>. After clicking one button, the
other undoes the first; thus (while holding down button 1) 2 followed
by 3 is a <tt><font size=+1>Snarf</font></tt> that leaves the file undirtied; 3
followed by 2 is a no-op. These actions also apply to text selected
by double-clicking because the double-click expansion is made
when the second click starts, not when it ends.
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Commands may be given extra arguments by a mouse chord with buttons
2 and 1. While holding down button 2 on text to be executed as
a command, clicking button 1 appends the text last pointed to
by button 1 as a distinct final argument. For example, to search
for literal <tt><font size=+1>text</font></tt> one may execute <tt><font size=+1>Look text</font></tt> with
button 2 or instead point at <tt><font size=+1>text</font></tt> with button 1 in any window,
release button 1, then execute <tt><font size=+1>Look</font></tt>, clicking button 1 while 2
is held down.
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When an external command (e.g. <a href="../man1/echo.html"><i>echo</i>(1)</a>) is executed this way,
the extra argument is passed as expected and an environment variable
<tt><font size=+1>$acmeaddr</font></tt> is created that holds, in the form interpreted by button
3, the fully-qualified address of the extra argument.<br>
<p><font size=+1><b>Support programs </b></font><br>
<i>Win</i> creates a new <i>acme</i> window and runs a <i>command</i> (default <tt><font size=+1>$SHELL</font></tt>)
in it, turning the window into something analogous to an <a href="../man1/rio.html"><i>rio</i>(1)</a>
window. Executing text in a <i>win</i> window with button 2 is similar
to using <tt><font size=+1>Send</font></tt>.
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<i>Awd</i> loads the tag line of its window with the directory in which
it’s running, suffixed <tt><font size=+1>−</font></tt><i>label</i> (default <tt><font size=+1>rc</font></tt>); it is intended to
be executed by a <tt><font size=+1>cd</font></tt> function for use in <i>win</i> windows. An example
definition is<br>
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<tt><font size=+1>fn cd { builtin cd $1 && awd $sysname }<br>
</font></tt>
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<p><font size=+1><b>Applications and guide files </b></font><br>
In the directory <tt><font size=+1>/acme</font></tt> live several subdirectories, each corresponding
to a program or set of related programs that employ <i>acme’s</i> user
interface. Each subdirectory includes source, binaries, and a
<tt><font size=+1>readme</font></tt> file for further information. It also includes a <tt><font size=+1>guide</font></tt>,
a text file holding sample commands to invoke the
programs. The idea is to find an example in the guide that best
matches the job at hand, edit it to suit, and execute it.
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Whenever a command is executed by <i>acme</i>, the default search path
includes the directory of the window containing the command and
its subdirectory <tt><font size=+1>$cputype</font></tt>. The program directories in <tt><font size=+1>/acme</font></tt> contain
appropriately labeled subdirectories of binaries, so commands
named in the guide files will be found
automatically when run. Also, <i>acme</i> binds the directories <tt><font size=+1>/acme/bin</font></tt>
and <tt><font size=+1>/acme/bin/$cputype</font></tt> to the end of <tt><font size=+1>/bin</font></tt> when it starts; this
is where <i>acme</i>-specific programs such as <i>win</i> and <i>awd</i> reside.<br>
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<p><font size=+1><b>FILES </b></font><br>
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<tt><font size=+1>$home/acme.dump</font></tt> default file for <tt><font size=+1>Dump</font></tt> and <tt><font size=+1>Load</font></tt>; also where state
is written if <i>acme</i> dies or is killed unexpectedly, e.g. by deleting
its window.<br>
<tt><font size=+1>/acme/*/guide</font></tt> template files for applications<br>
<tt><font size=+1>/acme/*/readme</font></tt> informal documentation for applications<br>
<tt><font size=+1>/acme/*/src</font></tt> source for applications<br>
<tt><font size=+1>/acme/*/mips</font></tt> MIPS-specific binaries for applications<br>
</table>
<p><font size=+1><b>SOURCE </b></font><br>
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<tt><font size=+1>/usr/local/plan9/src/cmd/acme<br>
/usr/local/plan9/src/cmd/9term/win.c<br>
/usr/local/plan9/bin/awd<br>
</font></tt>
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<p><font size=+1><b>SEE ALSO </b></font><br>
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<a href="../man4/acme.html"><i>acme</i>(4)</a><br>
Rob Pike, <i>Acme: A User Interface for Programmers.<br>
</i>
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<p><font size=+1><b>BUGS </b></font><br>
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With the <tt><font size=+1>−l</font></tt> option or <tt><font size=+1>Load</font></tt> command, the recreation of windows
under control of external programs such as <i>win</i> is just to rerun
the command; information may be lost.<br>
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