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<head>
<title>ed(1) - Plan 9 from User Space</title>
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<tr><td width=20><td>
<tr><td width=20><td><b>ED(1)</b><td align=right><b>ED(1)</b>
<tr><td width=20><td colspan=2>
<br>
<p><font size=+1><b>NAME </b></font><br>
<table border=0 cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0><tr height=2><td><tr><td width=20><td>
ed – text editor<br>
</table>
<p><font size=+1><b>SYNOPSIS </b></font><br>
<table border=0 cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0><tr height=2><td><tr><td width=20><td>
<tt><font size=+1>ed</font></tt> [ <tt><font size=+1>−</font></tt> ] [ <tt><font size=+1>−o</font></tt> ] [ <i>file</i> ]<br>
</table>
<p><font size=+1><b>DESCRIPTION </b></font><br>
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<i>Ed</i> is a venerable text editor.
<table border=0 cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0><tr height=5><td></table>
If a <i>file</i> argument is given, <i>ed</i> simulates an <tt><font size=+1>e</font></tt> command (see below)
on that file: it is read into <i>ed’s</i> buffer so that it can be edited.
The options are<br>
<tt><font size=+1>−</font></tt> Suppress the printing of character counts by <tt><font size=+1>e</font></tt>, <tt><font size=+1>r</font></tt>, and <tt><font size=+1>w</font></tt> commands
and of the confirming <tt><font size=+1>!</font></tt> by <tt><font size=+1>!</font></tt> commands.<br>
<tt><font size=+1>−o</font></tt> (for output piping) Write all output to the standard error file
except writing by <tt><font size=+1>w</font></tt> commands. If no <i>file</i> is given, make <tt><font size=+1>/dev/stdout</font></tt>
the remembered file; see the <tt><font size=+1>e</font></tt> command below.
<table border=0 cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0><tr height=5><td></table>
<i>Ed</i> operates on a ‘buffer’, a copy of the file it is editing; changes
made in the buffer have no effect on the file until a <tt><font size=+1>w</font></tt> (write)
command is given. The copy of the text being edited resides in
a temporary file called the <i>buffer</i>.
<table border=0 cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0><tr height=5><td></table>
Commands to <i>ed</i> have a simple and regular structure: zero, one,
or two <i>addresses</i> followed by a single character <i>command</i>, possibly
followed by parameters to the command. These addresses specify
one or more lines in the buffer. Missing addresses are supplied
by default.
<table border=0 cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0><tr height=5><td></table>
In general, only one command may appear on a line. Certain commands
allow the addition of text to the buffer. While <i>ed</i> is accepting
text, it is said to be in <i>input mode.</i> In this mode, no commands
are recognized; all input is merely collected. Input mode is left
by typing a period <tt><font size=+1>.</font></tt> alone at the beginning of a line.
<table border=0 cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0><tr height=5><td></table>
<i>Ed</i> supports the <i>regular expression</i> notation described in <a href="../man7/regexp.html"><i>regexp</i>(7)</a>.
Regular expressions are used in addresses to specify lines and
in one command (see <i>s</i> below) to specify a portion of a line which
is to be replaced. If it is desired to use one of the regular
expression metacharacters as an ordinary character, that
character may be preceded by ‘<tt><font size=+1>\</font></tt>’. This also applies to the character
bounding the regular expression (often <tt><font size=+1>/</font></tt>) and to <tt><font size=+1>\</font></tt> itself.
<table border=0 cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0><tr height=5><td></table>
To understand addressing in <i>ed</i> it is necessary to know that at
any time there is a <i>current line.</i> Generally, the current line
is the last line affected by a command; however, the exact effect
on the current line is discussed under the description of each
command. Addresses are constructed as follows.
1. The character <tt><font size=+1>.</font></tt>, customarily called ‘dot’, addresses the current
line.<br>
2. The character <tt><font size=+1>$</font></tt> addresses the last line of the buffer.<br>
3. A decimal number <i>n</i> addresses the <i>n</i>-th line of the buffer.<br>
4.<tt><font size=+1> 'x</font></tt> addresses the line marked with the name <i>x</i>, which must be
a lower-case letter. Lines are marked with the <tt><font size=+1>k</font></tt> command.<br>
5. A regular expression enclosed in slashes ( <tt><font size=+1>/</font></tt>) addresses the
line found by searching forward from the current line and stopping
at the first line containing a string that matches the regular
expression. If necessary the search wraps around to the beginning
of the buffer.<br>
6. A regular expression enclosed in queries <tt><font size=+1>?</font></tt> addresses the line
found by searching backward from the current line and stopping
at the first line containing a string that matches the regular
expression. If necessary the search wraps around to the end of
the buffer.<br>
7. An address followed by a plus sign <tt><font size=+1>+</font></tt> or a minus sign <tt><font size=+1>−</font></tt> followed
by a decimal number specifies that address plus (resp. minus)
the indicated number of lines. The plus sign may be omitted.<br>
8. An address followed by <tt><font size=+1>+</font></tt> (or <tt><font size=+1>−</font></tt>) followed by a regular expression
enclosed in slashes specifies the first matching line following
(or preceding) that address. The search wraps around if necessary.
The <tt><font size=+1>+</font></tt> may be omitted, so <tt><font size=+1>0/x/</font></tt> addresses the <i>first</i> line in the
buffer with an <tt><font size=+1>x</font></tt>. Enclosing the regular expression in
<table border=0 cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0><tr height=2><td><tr><td width=20><td>
<tt><font size=+1>?</font></tt> reverses the search direction.<br>
</table>
9. If an address begins with <tt><font size=+1>+</font></tt> or <tt><font size=+1>−</font></tt> the addition or subtraction
is taken with respect to the current line; e.g. <tt><font size=+1>−5</font></tt> is understood
to mean <tt><font size=+1>.−5</font></tt>.<br>
10. If an address ends with <tt><font size=+1>+</font></tt> or <tt><font size=+1>−</font></tt>, then 1 is added (resp. subtracted).
As a consequence of this rule and rule 9, the address <tt><font size=+1>−</font></tt> refers
to the line before the current line. Moreover, trailing <tt><font size=+1>+</font></tt> and
<tt><font size=+1>−</font></tt> characters have cumulative effect, so <tt><font size=+1>−−</font></tt> refers to the current
line less 2.<br>
11. To maintain compatibility with earlier versions of the editor,
the character <tt><font size=+1>^</font></tt> in addresses is equivalent to <tt><font size=+1>−</font></tt>.
<table border=0 cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0><tr height=5><td></table>
Commands may require zero, one, or two addresses. Commands which
require no addresses regard the presence of an address as an error.
Commands which accept one or two addresses assume default addresses
when insufficient are given. If more addresses are given than
a command requires, the last one or two
(depending on what is accepted) are used.
<table border=0 cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0><tr height=5><td></table>
Addresses are separated from each other typically by a comma <tt><font size=+1>,</font></tt>.
They may also be separated by a semicolon <tt><font size=+1>;</font></tt>. In this case the
current line is set to the previous address before the next address
is interpreted. If no address precedes a comma or semicolon, line
1 is assumed; if no address follows, the last line of the
buffer is assumed. The second address of any two-address sequence
must correspond to a line following the line corresponding to
the first address.
<table border=0 cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0><tr height=5><td></table>
In the following list of <i>ed</i> commands, the default addresses are
shown in parentheses. The parentheses are not part of the address,
but are used to show that the given addresses are the default.
‘Dot’ means the current line.<br>
(<tt><font size=+1>.</font></tt>)<tt><font size=+1>a<br>
</font></tt><text><br>
<tt><font size=+1>.</font></tt> Read the given text and append it after the addressed line. Dot
is left on the last line input, if there were any, otherwise at
the addressed line. Address <tt><font size=+1>0</font></tt> is legal for this command; text
is placed at the beginning of the buffer.<br>
(<tt><font size=+1>.,.</font></tt>)<tt><font size=+1>b</font></tt>[<tt><font size=+1>+−</font></tt>][<i>pagesize</i>][<tt><font size=+1>pln</font></tt>]<br>
<table border=0 cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0><tr height=2><td><tr><td width=20><td>
Browse. Print a ‘page’, normally 20 lines. The optional <tt><font size=+1>+</font></tt> (default)
or <tt><font size=+1>−</font></tt> specifies whether the next or previous page is to be printed.
The optional <i>pagesize</i> is the number of lines in a page. The optional
<tt><font size=+1>p</font></tt>, <tt><font size=+1>n</font></tt>, or <tt><font size=+1>l</font></tt> causes printing in the specified format, initially
<tt><font size=+1>p</font></tt>. Pagesize and format are remembered between <tt><font size=+1>b
</font></tt>commands. Dot is left at the last line displayed.<br>
</table>
(<tt><font size=+1>.,.</font></tt>)<tt><font size=+1>c<br>
</font></tt><text><br>
<tt><font size=+1>.</font></tt> Change. Delete the addressed lines, then accept input text to
replace these lines. Dot is left at the last line input; if there
were none, it is left at the line preceding the deleted lines.<br>
(<tt><font size=+1>.,.</font></tt>)<tt><font size=+1>d<br>
</font></tt>
<table border=0 cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0><tr height=2><td><tr><td width=20><td>
Delete the addressed lines from the buffer. Dot is set to the
line following the last line deleted, or to the last line of the
buffer if the deleted lines had no successor.<br>
</table>
<tt><font size=+1>e</font></tt> <i>filename<br>
</i>
<table border=0 cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0><tr height=2><td><tr><td width=20><td>
Edit. Delete the entire contents of the buffer; then read the
named file into the buffer. Dot is set to the last line of the
buffer. The number of characters read is typed. The file name
is remembered for possible use in later <tt><font size=+1>e</font></tt>, <tt><font size=+1>r</font></tt>, or <tt><font size=+1>w</font></tt> commands. If
<i>filename</i> is missing, the remembered name is used.
</table>
<tt><font size=+1>E</font></tt> <i>filename<br>
</i>
<table border=0 cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0><tr height=2><td><tr><td width=20><td>
Unconditional <tt><font size=+1>e</font></tt>; see ‘<tt><font size=+1>q</font></tt>’ below.<br>
</table>
<tt><font size=+1>f</font></tt> <i>filename<br>
</i>
<table border=0 cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0><tr height=2><td><tr><td width=20><td>
Print the currently remembered file name. If <i>filename</i> is given,
the currently remembered file name is first changed to <i>filename</i>.<br>
</table>
(<tt><font size=+1>1,$</font></tt>)<tt><font size=+1>g/</font></tt><i>regular expression</i><tt><font size=+1>/</font></tt><i>command list<br>
</i>(<tt><font size=+1>1,$</font></tt>)<tt><font size=+1>g/</font></tt><i>regular expression</i><tt><font size=+1>/<br>
</font></tt>(<tt><font size=+1>1,$</font></tt>)<tt><font size=+1>g/</font></tt><i>regular expression<br>
</i>
<table border=0 cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0><tr height=2><td><tr><td width=20><td>
Global. First mark every line which matches the given <i>regular</i>expression<i>.</i>
Then for every such line, execute the <i>command list</i> with dot initially
set to that line. A single command or the first of multiple commands
appears on the same line with the global command. All lines of
a multi-line list except the last line
must end with <tt><font size=+1>\</font></tt>. The ‘<tt><font size=+1>.</font></tt>’ terminating input mode for an <tt><font size=+1>a</font></tt>, <tt><font size=+1>i</font></tt>, <tt><font size=+1>c</font></tt>
command may be omitted if it would be on the last line of the
command list. The commands <tt><font size=+1>g</font></tt> and <tt><font size=+1>v</font></tt> are not permitted in the command
list. Any character other than space or newline may be used instead
of <tt><font size=+1>/</font></tt> to delimit the regular expression.
The second and third forms mean <tt><font size=+1>g/</font></tt><i>regular expression</i><tt><font size=+1>/p</font></tt>.<br>
</table>
(<tt><font size=+1>.</font></tt>)<tt><font size=+1>i<br>
</font></tt><text><br>
<tt><font size=+1>.</font></tt> Insert the given text before the addressed line. Dot is left
at the last line input, or, if there were none, at the line before
the addressed line. This command differs from the <i>a</i> command only
in the placement of the text.<br>
(<tt><font size=+1>.,.+1</font></tt>)<tt><font size=+1>j<br>
</font></tt>
<table border=0 cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0><tr height=2><td><tr><td width=20><td>
Join the addressed lines into a single line; intermediate newlines
are deleted. Dot is left at the resulting line.<br>
</table>
(<tt><font size=+1>.</font></tt>)<tt><font size=+1>k</font></tt><i>x</i>Mark the addressed line with name <i>x</i>, which must be a lower-case
letter. The address form <tt><font size=+1>'</font></tt><i>x</i> then addresses this line.<br>
(<tt><font size=+1>.,.</font></tt>)<tt><font size=+1>l<br>
</font></tt>
<table border=0 cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0><tr height=2><td><tr><td width=20><td>
List. Print the addressed lines in an unambiguous way: a tab is
printed as <tt><font size=+1>\t</font></tt>, a backspace as <tt><font size=+1>\b</font></tt>, backslashes as <tt><font size=+1>\\</font></tt>, and non-printing
characters as a backslash, an <tt><font size=+1>x</font></tt>, and four hexadecimal digits.
Long lines are folded, with the second and subsequent sub-lines
indented one tab stop. If the last character in
the line is a blank, it is followed by <tt><font size=+1>\n</font></tt>. An <tt><font size=+1>l</font></tt> may be appended,
like <tt><font size=+1>p</font></tt>, to any non-I/O command.<br>
</table>
(<tt><font size=+1>.,.</font></tt>)<tt><font size=+1>m</font></tt><i>a<br>
</i>
<table border=0 cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0><tr height=2><td><tr><td width=20><td>
Move. Reposition the addressed lines after the line addressed
by <i>a</i>. Dot is left at the last moved line.<br>
</table>
(<tt><font size=+1>.,.</font></tt>)<tt><font size=+1>n<br>
</font></tt>
<table border=0 cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0><tr height=2><td><tr><td width=20><td>
Number. Perform <tt><font size=+1>p</font></tt>, prefixing each line with its line number and
a tab. An <tt><font size=+1>n</font></tt> may be appended, like <tt><font size=+1>p</font></tt>, to any non-I/O command.<br>
</table>
(<tt><font size=+1>.,.</font></tt>)<tt><font size=+1>p<br>
</font></tt>
<table border=0 cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0><tr height=2><td><tr><td width=20><td>
Print the addressed lines. Dot is left at the last line printed.
A <tt><font size=+1>p</font></tt> appended to any non-I/O command causes the then current line
to be printed after the command is executed.<br>
</table>
(<tt><font size=+1>.,.</font></tt>)<tt><font size=+1>P<br>
</font></tt>
<table border=0 cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0><tr height=2><td><tr><td width=20><td>
This command is a synonym for <tt><font size=+1>p</font></tt>.<br>
</table>
<tt><font size=+1>q</font></tt> Quit the editor. No automatic write of a file is done. A <tt><font size=+1>q</font></tt> or
<tt><font size=+1>e</font></tt> command is considered to be in error if the buffer has been
modified since the last <tt><font size=+1>w</font></tt>, <tt><font size=+1>q</font></tt>, or <tt><font size=+1>e</font></tt> command.<br>
<tt><font size=+1>Q</font></tt> Quit unconditionally.<br>
(<tt><font size=+1>$</font></tt>)r <i>filename<br>
</i>
<table border=0 cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0><tr height=2><td><tr><td width=20><td>
Read in the given file after the addressed line. If no <i>filename</i>
is given, the remembered file name is used. The file name is remembered
if there were no remembered file name already. If the read is
successful, the number of characters read is printed. Dot is left
at the last line read from the file.
</table>
(<tt><font size=+1>.,.</font></tt>)<tt><font size=+1>s</font></tt><i>n</i><tt><font size=+1>/</font></tt><i>regular expression</i><tt><font size=+1>/</font></tt><i>replacement</i><tt><font size=+1>/<br>
</font></tt>(<tt><font size=+1>.,.</font></tt>)<tt><font size=+1>s</font></tt><i>n</i><tt><font size=+1>/</font></tt><i>regular expression</i><tt><font size=+1>/</font></tt><i>replacement</i><tt><font size=+1>/g<br>
</font></tt>(<tt><font size=+1>.,.</font></tt>)<tt><font size=+1>s</font></tt><i>n</i><tt><font size=+1>/</font></tt><i>regular expression</i><tt><font size=+1>/</font></tt><i>replacement<br>
</i>
<table border=0 cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0><tr height=2><td><tr><td width=20><td>
Substitute. Search each addressed line for an occurrence of the
specified regular expression. On each line in which <i>n</i> matches
are found (<i>n</i> defaults to 1 if missing), the <i>n</i>th matched string
is replaced by the replacement specified. If the global replacement
indicator <tt><font size=+1>g</font></tt> appears after the command, all subsequent
matches on the line are also replaced. It is an error for the
substitution to fail on all addressed lines. Any character other
than space or newline may be used instead of <tt><font size=+1>/</font></tt> to delimit the
regular expression and the replacement. Dot is left at the last
line substituted. The third form means
<tt><font size=+1>s</font></tt><i>n</i><tt><font size=+1>/</font></tt><i>regular expression</i><tt><font size=+1>/</font></tt><i>replacement</i><tt><font size=+1>/p</font></tt>. The second <tt><font size=+1>/</font></tt> may be omitted
if the replacement is empty.<br>
An ampersand <tt><font size=+1>&</font></tt> appearing in the replacement is replaced by the
string matching the regular expression. The characters <tt><font size=+1>\</font></tt><i>n</i>, where
<i>n</i> is a digit, are replaced by the text matched by the <i>n</i>-th regular
subexpression enclosed between <tt><font size=+1>(</font></tt> and <tt><font size=+1>)</font></tt>. When nested parenthesized
subexpressions are present, <i>n</i> is
determined by counting occurrences of <tt><font size=+1>(</font></tt> starting from the left.<br>
A literal <tt><font size=+1>&</font></tt>, <tt><font size=+1>/</font></tt>, <tt><font size=+1>\</font></tt> or newline may be included in a replacement by
prefixing it with <tt><font size=+1>\</font></tt>.<br>
</table>
(<tt><font size=+1>.,.</font></tt>)<tt><font size=+1>t</font></tt><i>a<br>
</i>
<table border=0 cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0><tr height=2><td><tr><td width=20><td>
Transfer. Copy the addressed lines after the line addressed by
<i>a</i>. Dot is left at the last line of the copy.<br>
</table>
(<tt><font size=+1>.,.</font></tt>)<tt><font size=+1>u<br>
</font></tt>
<table border=0 cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0><tr height=2><td><tr><td width=20><td>
Undo. Restore the preceding contents of the first addressed line
(sic), which must be the last line in which a substitution was
made (double sic).<br>
</table>
(<tt><font size=+1>1,$</font></tt>)<tt><font size=+1>v/</font></tt><i>regular expression</i><tt><font size=+1>/</font></tt><i>command list<br>
</i>
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This command is the same as the global command <tt><font size=+1>g</font></tt> except that the
command list is executed with dot initially set to every line
<i>except</i> those matching the regular expression.<br>
</table>
(<tt><font size=+1>1,$</font></tt>)<tt><font size=+1>w</font></tt> <i>filename<br>
</i>
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Write the addressed lines to the given file. If the file does
not exist, it is created with mode 666 (readable and writable
by everyone). If no <i>filename</i> is given, the remembered file name,
if any, is used. The file name is remembered if there were no
remembered file name already. Dot is unchanged. If the write is
successful, the number of characters written is printed.<br>
</table>
(<tt><font size=+1>1,$</font></tt>)<tt><font size=+1>W</font></tt> <i>filename<br>
</i>
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Perform <tt><font size=+1>w</font></tt>, but append to, instead of overwriting, any existing
file contents.<br>
</table>
(<tt><font size=+1>$</font></tt>)<tt><font size=+1>=</font></tt> Print the line number of the addressed line. Dot is unchanged.<br>
<tt><font size=+1>!</font></tt><i>shell command<br>
</i>
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Send the remainder of the line after the <tt><font size=+1>!</font></tt> to <a href="../man1/rc.html"><i>rc</i>(1)</a> to be interpreted
as a command. Dot is unchanged.<br>
</table>
(<tt><font size=+1>.+1</font></tt>)<newline><br>
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An address without a command is taken as a <tt><font size=+1>p</font></tt> command. A terminal
<tt><font size=+1>/</font></tt> may be omitted from the address. A blank line alone is equivalent
to <tt><font size=+1>.+1p</font></tt>; it is useful for stepping through text.
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</table>
If an interrupt signal (DEL) is sent, <i>ed</i> prints a <tt><font size=+1>?</font></tt> and returns
to its command level.
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When reading a file, <i>ed</i> discards NUL characters and all characters
after the last newline.<br>
</table>
<p><font size=+1><b>FILES </b></font><br>
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<tt><font size=+1>/tmp/e*<br>
ed.hup</font></tt> work is saved here if terminal hangs up<br>
</table>
<p><font size=+1><b>SOURCE </b></font><br>
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<tt><font size=+1>/usr/local/plan9/src/cmd/ed.c<br>
</font></tt>
</table>
<p><font size=+1><b>SEE ALSO </b></font><br>
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<a href="../man1/sam.html"><i>sam</i>(1)</a>, <a href="../man1/sed.html"><i>sed</i>(1)</a>, <a href="../man7/regexp.html"><i>regexp</i>(7)</a><br>
</table>
<p><font size=+1><b>DIAGNOSTICS </b></font><br>
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<tt><font size=+1>?</font></tt><i>name</i> for inaccessible file; <tt><font size=+1>?TMP</font></tt> for temporary file overflow;
<tt><font size=+1>?</font></tt> for errors in commands or other overflows.<br>
</table>
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