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<head>
<title>eqn(1) - Plan 9 from User Space</title>
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<tr><td width=20><td>
<tr><td width=20><td><b>EQN(1)</b><td align=right><b>EQN(1)</b>
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delim $$<br>
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</table>
<p><font size=+1><b>NAME </b></font><br>
<table border=0 cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0><tr height=2><td><tr><td width=20><td>
eqn – typeset mathematics<br>
</table>
<p><font size=+1><b>SYNOPSIS </b></font><br>
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<tt><font size=+1>eqn</font></tt> [ <i>option ...</i> ] [ <i>file ...</i> ]<br>
</table>
<p><font size=+1><b>DESCRIPTION </b></font><br>
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<i>Eqn</i> is a <a href="../man1/troff.html"><i>troff</i>(1)</a> preprocessor for typesetting mathematics on
a typesetter. Usage is almost always<br>
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<tt><font size=+1>eqn file ... | troff
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</font></tt>
</table>
If no files are specified, <i>eqn</i> reads from the standard input.
<i>Eqn</i> prepares output for the typesetter named in the <tt><font size=+1>−T</font></tt><i>dest</i> option
(default <tt><font size=+1>−Tutf</font></tt>; see <a href="../man1/troff.html"><i>troff</i>(1)</a>). When run with other preprocessor
filters, <i>eqn</i> usually comes last.
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A line beginning with <tt><font size=+1>.EQ</font></tt> marks the start of an equation; the
end of an equation is marked by a line beginning with <tt><font size=+1>.EN</font></tt>. Neither
of these lines is altered, so they may be defined in macro packages
to get centering, numbering, etc. It is also possible to set two
characters as ‘delimiters’; text between delimiters is also
<i>eqn</i> input. Delimiters may be set to characters <i>x</i> and <i>y</i> with the
option <tt><font size=+1>−d</font></tt><i>xy</i> or (more commonly) with <tt><font size=+1>delim</font></tt> <i>xy</i> between <tt><font size=+1>.EQ</font></tt> and <tt><font size=+1>.EN</font></tt>.
Left and right delimiters may be identical. (They are customarily
taken to be $font L "$$" )$. Delimiters are turned off by <tt><font size=+1>delim
off</font></tt>. All text that is neither between delimiters
nor between <tt><font size=+1>.EQ</font></tt> and <tt><font size=+1>.EN</font></tt> is passed through untouched.
<table border=0 cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0><tr height=5><td></table>
Tokens within <i>eqn</i> are separated by spaces, tabs, newlines, braces,
double quotes, tildes or circumflexes. Braces {} are used for
grouping; generally speaking, anywhere a single character like
<tt><font size=+1>x</font></tt> could appear, a complicated construction enclosed in braces
may be used instead. Tilde <tt><font size=+1>~</font></tt> represents a full space in the
output, circumflex <tt><font size=+1>^</font></tt> half as much.
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Subscripts and superscripts are produced with the keywords <tt><font size=+1>sub</font></tt>
and <tt><font size=+1>sup</font></tt>. Thus <tt><font size=+1>x sub i</font></tt> makes $x sub i$, <tt><font size=+1>a sub i sup 2</font></tt> produces
$a sub i sup 2$, and <tt><font size=+1>e sup {x sup 2 + y sup 2}</font></tt> gives $e sup {x
sup 2 + y sup 2}$.
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<tt><font size=+1>Over</font></tt> makes fractions: <tt><font size=+1>a over b</font></tt> yields $a over b$.
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<tt><font size=+1>Sqrt</font></tt> produces square roots: <tt><font size=+1>1 over sqrt {ax sup 2 +bx+c}</font></tt> results
in $1 over sqrt {ax sup 2 +bx+c}$ .
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The keywords <tt><font size=+1>from</font></tt> and <tt><font size=+1>to</font></tt> introduce lower and upper limits on arbitrary
things: $lim from {n -> inf} sum from 0 to n x sub i$ is made with
<tt><font size=+1>lim from {n −> inf} sum from 0 to n x sub i</font></tt>.
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Left and right brackets, braces, etc., of the right height are
made with <tt><font size=+1>left</font></tt> and <tt><font size=+1>right</font></tt>: <tt><font size=+1>left [ x sup 2 + y sup 2 over alpha
right ] ~=~1</font></tt> produces $left [ x sup 2 + y sup 2 over alpha right
] ~=~1$. The <tt><font size=+1>right</font></tt> clause is optional. Legal characters after
<tt><font size=+1>left</font></tt> and <tt><font size=+1>right</font></tt> are braces, brackets,
bars, <tt><font size=+1>c</font></tt> and <tt><font size=+1>f</font></tt> for ceiling and floor, and <tt><font size=+1>""</font></tt> for nothing at all (useful
for a right-side-only bracket).
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Vertical piles of things are made with <tt><font size=+1>pile</font></tt>, <tt><font size=+1>lpile</font></tt>, <tt><font size=+1>cpile</font></tt>, and
<tt><font size=+1>rpile</font></tt>: <tt><font size=+1>pile {a above b above c}</font></tt> produces $pile {a above b above
c}$. There can be an arbitrary number of elements in a pile. <tt><font size=+1>lpile</font></tt>
left-justifies, <tt><font size=+1>pile</font></tt> and <tt><font size=+1>cpile</font></tt> center, with different vertical
spacing, and <tt><font size=+1>rpile</font></tt> right justifies.
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Matrices are made with <tt><font size=+1>matrix</font></tt>: <tt><font size=+1>matrix { lcol { x sub i above y
sub 2 } ccol { 1 above 2 } }</font></tt> produces $matrix { lcol { x sub i
above y sub 2 } ccol { 1 above 2 } }$. In addition, there is <tt><font size=+1>rcol</font></tt>
for a right-justified column.
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Diacritical marks are made with <tt><font size=+1>prime</font></tt>, <tt><font size=+1>dot</font></tt>, <tt><font size=+1>dotdot</font></tt>, <tt><font size=+1>hat</font></tt>, <tt><font size=+1>tilde</font></tt>,
<tt><font size=+1>bar</font></tt>, <tt><font size=+1>under</font></tt>, <tt><font size=+1>vec</font></tt>, <tt><font size=+1>dyad</font></tt>, and <tt><font size=+1>under</font></tt>: <tt><font size=+1>x sub 0 sup prime = f(t) bar
+ g(t) under</font></tt> is $x sub 0 sup prime = f(t) bar + g(t) under$, and
<tt><font size=+1>x vec = y dyad</font></tt> is $x vec = y dyad$.
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Sizes and fonts can be changed with prefix operators <tt><font size=+1>size</font></tt> <i>n</i>, <tt><font size=+1>size
±</font></tt><i>n</i>, <tt><font size=+1>fat</font></tt>, <tt><font size=+1>roman</font></tt>, <tt><font size=+1>italic</font></tt>, <tt><font size=+1>bold</font></tt>, or <tt><font size=+1>font</font></tt> <i>n</i>. Size and fonts can be
changed globally in a document by <tt><font size=+1>gsize</font></tt> <i>n</i> and <tt><font size=+1>gfont</font></tt> <i>n</i>, or by the
command-line arguments <tt><font size=+1>−s</font></tt><i>n</i> and <tt><font size=+1>−f</font></tt><i>n</i>.
<table border=0 cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0><tr height=5><td></table>
Normally subscripts and superscripts are reduced by 3 point sizes
from the previous size; this may be changed by the command-line
argument <tt><font size=+1>−p</font></tt><i>n</i>.
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Successive display arguments can be lined up. Place <tt><font size=+1>mark</font></tt> before
the desired lineup point in the first equation; place <tt><font size=+1>lineup</font></tt> at
the place that is to line up vertically in subsequent equations.
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Shorthands may be defined or existing keywords redefined with
<tt><font size=+1>define</font></tt>: <tt><font size=+1>define</font></tt> <i>thing</i> <tt><font size=+1>%</font></tt> <i>replacement</i> <tt><font size=+1>%</font></tt> defines a new token called
<i>thing</i> which will be replaced by <i>replacement</i> whenever it appears
thereafter. The <tt><font size=+1>%</font></tt> may be any character that does not occur in
<tt><font size=+1>replacement</font></tt>.
<table border=0 cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0><tr height=5><td></table>
Keywords like <tt><font size=+1>sum</font></tt> ( sum ), <tt><font size=+1>int</font></tt> ( int ), <tt><font size=+1>inf</font></tt> ( inf ), and shorthands
like <tt><font size=+1>>=</font></tt> (>=), <tt><font size=+1>−></font></tt> (->), and <tt><font size=+1>!=</font></tt> ( != ) are recognized. Greek letters
are spelled out in the desired case, as in <tt><font size=+1>alpha</font></tt> or <tt><font size=+1>GAMMA</font></tt>. Mathematical
words like <tt><font size=+1>sin</font></tt>, <tt><font size=+1>cos</font></tt>, <tt><font size=+1>log</font></tt> are made Roman automatically. <a href="../man1/Troff.html"><i>Troff</i>(1)</a>
four-character escapes like <tt><font size=+1>\(lh</font></tt> (<=) can
be used anywhere. Strings enclosed in double quotes " " are passed
through untouched; this permits keywords to be entered as text,
and can be used to communicate with <i>troff</i> when all else fails.<br>
</table>
<p><font size=+1><b>FILES </b></font><br>
<table border=0 cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0><tr height=2><td><tr><td width=20><td>
<tt><font size=+1>/sys/lib/troff/font/devutf</font></tt> font descriptions for PostScript<br>
</table>
<p><font size=+1><b>SOURCE </b></font><br>
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<tt><font size=+1>/usr/local/plan9/src/cmd/eqn<br>
</font></tt>
</table>
<p><font size=+1><b>SEE ALSO </b></font><br>
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<a href="../man1/troff.html"><i>troff</i>(1)</a>, <a href="../man1/tbl.html"><i>tbl</i>(1)</a><br>
J. F. Ossanna and B. W. Kernighan, “Troff User’s Manual”.<br>
B. W. Kernighan and L. L. Cherry, “Typesetting Mathematics--User’s
Guide”, <i>Unix Research System Programmer’s Manual,</i> Tenth Edition,
Volume 2.<br>
</table>
<p><font size=+1><b>BUGS </b></font><br>
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To embolden digits, parens, etc., it is necessary to quote them,
as in <tt><font size=+1>bold "12.3"</font></tt>. delim off<br>
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<td width=20>
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