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<head>
<title>pic(1) - Plan 9 from User Space</title>
<meta content="text/html; charset=utf-8" http-equiv=Content-Type>
</head>
<body bgcolor=#ffffff>
<table border=0 cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0 width=100%>
<tr height=10><td>
<tr><td width=20><td>
<tr><td width=20><td><b>PIC(1)</b><td align=right><b>PIC(1)</b>
<tr><td width=20><td colspan=2>
<br>
<p><font size=+1><b>NAME </b></font><br>
<table border=0 cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0><tr height=2><td><tr><td width=20><td>
pic, tpic – troff and tex preprocessors for drawing pictures<br>
</table>
<p><font size=+1><b>SYNOPSIS </b></font><br>
<table border=0 cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0><tr height=2><td><tr><td width=20><td>
<tt><font size=+1>pic</font></tt> [ <i>files</i> ]
<table border=0 cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0><tr height=5><td></table>
<tt><font size=+1>tpic</font></tt> [ <i>files</i> ]<br>
</table>
<p><font size=+1><b>DESCRIPTION </b></font><br>
<table border=0 cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0><tr height=2><td><tr><td width=20><td>
<i>Pic</i> is a <a href="../man1/troff.html"><i>troff</i>(1)</a> preprocessor for drawing figures on a typesetter.
<i>Pic</i> code is contained between <tt><font size=+1>.PS</font></tt> and <tt><font size=+1>.PE</font></tt> lines:<br>
<table border=0 cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0><tr height=2><td><tr><td width=20><td>
<tt><font size=+1>.PS</font></tt> <i>optional-width optional-height<br>
element-list<br>
</i><tt><font size=+1>.PE<br>
<table border=0 cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0><tr height=5><td></table>
</font></tt>
</table>
or in a file mentioned in a <tt><font size=+1>.PS</font></tt> line:<br>
<table border=0 cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0><tr height=2><td><tr><td width=20><td>
<tt><font size=+1>.PS <</font></tt><i>file
<table border=0 cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0><tr height=5><td></table>
</i>
</table>
If <i>optional-width</i> is present, the picture is made that many inches
wide, regardless of any dimensions used internally. The height
is scaled in the same proportion unless <i>optional-height</i> is present.
If <tt><font size=+1>.PF</font></tt> is used instead of <tt><font size=+1>.PE</font></tt>, the typesetting position after
printing is restored to what it was upon entry.
<table border=0 cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0><tr height=5><td></table>
An <i>element-list</i> is a list of elements:<br>
<table border=0 cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0><tr height=2><td><tr><td width=20><td>
<i>primitive attribute-list<br>
placename</i> <tt><font size=+1>:</font></tt> <i>element<br>
placename</i> <tt><font size=+1>:</font></tt> <i>position<br>
var</i> <tt><font size=+1>=</font></tt> <i>expr<br>
direction<br>
</i><tt><font size=+1>{</font></tt> <i>element-list</i> <tt><font size=+1>}<br>
[</font></tt> <i>element-list</i> <tt><font size=+1>]<br>
for</font></tt> <i>var</i> <tt><font size=+1>=</font></tt> <i>expr</i> <tt><font size=+1>to</font></tt> <i>expr</i> <tt><font size=+1>by</font></tt> <i>expr</i> <tt><font size=+1>do {</font></tt> <i>anything</i> <tt><font size=+1>}<br>
if</font></tt> <i>expr</i> <tt><font size=+1>then {</font></tt> <i>anything</i> <tt><font size=+1>} else {</font></tt> <i>anything</i> <tt><font size=+1>}<br>
copy</font></tt> <i>file, </i><tt><font size=+1> copy thru</font></tt> <i>macro, </i><tt><font size=+1> copy</font></tt> <i>file</i> <tt><font size=+1>thru</font></tt> <i>macro<br>
</i><tt><font size=+1>sh {</font></tt> <i>commandline</i> <tt><font size=+1>}<br>
print</font></tt> <i>expr<br>
</i><tt><font size=+1>reset</font></tt> <i>optional var-list<br>
troff-command<br>
<table border=0 cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0><tr height=5><td></table>
</i>
</table>
Elements are separated by newlines or semicolons; a long element
may be continued by ending the line with a backslash. Comments
are introduced by a <tt><font size=+1>#</font></tt> and terminated by a newline. Variable names
begin with a lower case letter; place names begin with upper case.
Place and variable names retain their values from
one picture to the next.
<table border=0 cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0><tr height=5><td></table>
After each primitive the current position moves in the current
direction (<tt><font size=+1>up</font></tt>,<tt><font size=+1>down</font></tt>, <tt><font size=+1>left</font></tt>,<tt><font size=+1>right</font></tt> (default)) by the size of the primitive.
The current position and direction are saved upon entry to a <tt><font size=+1>{</font></tt>...<tt><font size=+1>}</font></tt>
block and restored upon exit. Elements within a block enclosed
in <tt><font size=+1>[</font></tt>...<tt><font size=+1>]</font></tt> are treated as a unit; the dimensions are
determined by the extreme points of the contained objects. Names,
variables, and direction of motion within a block are local to
that block.
<table border=0 cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0><tr height=5><td></table>
<i>Troff-command</i> is any line that begins with a period. Such a line
is assumed to make sense in the context where it appears; generally,
this means only size and font changes.
<table border=0 cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0><tr height=5><td></table>
The <i>primitive</i> objects are:<br>
<table border=0 cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0><tr height=2><td><tr><td width=20><td>
<tt><font size=+1>box circle ellipse arc line arrow spline move </font></tt><i> text-list<br>
</i>
</table>
<tt><font size=+1>arrow</font></tt> is a synonym for <tt><font size=+1>line −></font></tt>.
<table border=0 cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0><tr height=5><td></table>
An <i>attribute-list</i> is a sequence of zero or more attributes; each
attribute consists of a keyword, perhaps followed by a value.<br>
<table border=0 cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0><tr height=2><td><tr><td width=20><td>
<table border=0 cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0><tr height=2><td><tr><td width=20><td>
<tt><font size=+1>h(eigh)t</font></tt> <i>expr </i><tt><font size=+1> wid(th)</font></tt> <i>expr<br>
</i><tt><font size=+1>rad(ius)</font></tt> <i>expr </i><tt><font size=+1> diam(eter)</font></tt> <i>expr<br>
</i><tt><font size=+1>up</font></tt> <i>opt-expr </i><tt><font size=+1> down</font></tt> <i>opt-expr<br>
</i><tt><font size=+1>right</font></tt> <i>opt-expr </i><tt><font size=+1> left</font></tt> <i>opt-expr<br>
</i><tt><font size=+1>from</font></tt> <i>position </i><tt><font size=+1> to</font></tt> <i>position<br>
</i><tt><font size=+1>at</font></tt> <i>position </i><tt><font size=+1> with</font></tt> <i>corner<br>
</i><tt><font size=+1>by</font></tt> <i>expr, expr </i><tt><font size=+1> then<br>
dotted</font></tt> <i>opt-expr </i><tt><font size=+1> dashed</font></tt> <i>opt-expr<br>
</i><tt><font size=+1>chop</font></tt> <i>opt-expr </i><tt><font size=+1> −> <− <−><br>
invis same<br>
fill</font></tt> <i>opt-expr<br>
text-list expr<br>
</i>
</table>
</table>
Missing attributes and values are filled in from defaults. Not
all attributes make sense for all primitives; irrelevant ones
are silently ignored. The attribute <tt><font size=+1>at</font></tt> causes the geometrical
center to be put at the specified place; <tt><font size=+1>with</font></tt> causes the position
on the object to be put at the specified place. For lines, splines
and
arcs, <tt><font size=+1>height</font></tt> and <tt><font size=+1>width</font></tt> refer to arrowhead size. A bare <i>expr</i> implies
motion in the current direction.
<table border=0 cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0><tr height=5><td></table>
Text is normally an attribute of some primitive; by default it
is placed at the geometrical center of the object. Stand-alone
text is also permitted. A text list is a list of text items:<br>
<table border=0 cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0><tr height=2><td><tr><td width=20><td>
<i>text-item</i><tt><font size=+1>:<br>
<table border=0 cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0><tr height=2><td><tr><td width=20><td>
"..."
</table>
</font></tt>
<table border=0 cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0><tr height=2><td><tr><td width=20><td>
<i>positioning ...<br>
</i><tt><font size=+1>sprintf("</font></tt><i>format</i><tt><font size=+1>",</font></tt> <i>expr</i><tt><font size=+1>,</font></tt> <i>...</i><tt><font size=+1>)</font></tt> <i>positioning ...<br>
</i>
</table>
<i> positioning</i><tt><font size=+1>:<br>
<table border=0 cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0><tr height=2><td><tr><td width=20><td>
center ljust rjust above below<br>
</table>
</font></tt>
</table>
If there are multiple text items for some primitive, they are
arranged vertically and centered except as qualified. Positioning
requests apply to each item independently. Text items may contain
<i>troff</i> commands for size and font changes, local motions, etc.,
but make sure that these are balanced so that the entering state
is restored before exiting.
<table border=0 cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0><tr height=5><td></table>
A position is ultimately an <i>x,y</i> coordinate pair, but it may be
specified in other ways.<br>
<table border=0 cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0><tr height=2><td><tr><td width=20><td>
<i>position</i><tt><font size=+1>:<br>
</font></tt>
<table border=0 cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0><tr height=2><td><tr><td width=20><td>
<i>expr, expr<br>
place </i><tt><font size=+1>±</font></tt> <i>expr, expr<br>
place </i><tt><font size=+1>± (</font></tt> <i>expr, expr</i> <tt><font size=+1>)<br>
(</font></tt> <i>position</i><tt><font size=+1>,</font></tt> <i>position</i> <tt><font size=+1>) </font></tt><i> x</i> from one, <i>y</i> the other<br>
<i>expr</i> [<tt><font size=+1>of the way</font></tt>] between <i>position</i> and <i>position<br>
expr </i>< <i>position</i> , <i>position </i>><br>
( <i>position</i> )<br>
<table border=0 cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0><tr height=5><td></table>
</table>
<i>place</i><tt><font size=+1>:<br>
</font></tt>
<table border=0 cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0><tr height=2><td><tr><td width=20><td>
<i>placename optional-corner<br>
corner</i> <tt><font size=+1>of</font></tt> <i>placename<br>
nth primitive optional-corner<br>
corner</i> <tt><font size=+1>of</font></tt> <i>nth primitive<br>
</i><tt><font size=+1>Here<br>
</font></tt>
</table>
</table>
An <i>optional-corner</i> is one of the eight compass points or the center
or the start or end of a primitive.<br>
<table border=0 cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0><tr height=2><td><tr><td width=20><td>
<i>optional-corner</i><tt><font size=+1>:<br>
<table border=0 cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0><tr height=2><td><tr><td width=20><td>
.n .e .w .s .ne .se .nw .sw .c .start .end<br>
</table>
</font></tt> <i>corner</i><tt><font size=+1>:<br>
<table border=0 cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0><tr height=2><td><tr><td width=20><td>
top bot left right start end<br>
</table>
</font></tt>
</table>
Each object in a picture has an ordinal number; <i>nth</i> refers to
this.<br>
<table border=0 cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0><tr height=2><td><tr><td width=20><td>
<i>nth</i><tt><font size=+1>:<br>
</font></tt>
<table border=0 cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0><tr height=2><td><tr><td width=20><td>
<i>n</i><tt><font size=+1>th</font></tt><i>, n</i><tt><font size=+1>th last<br>
<table border=0 cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0><tr height=5><td></table>
</font></tt>
</table>
</table>
The built-in variables and their default values are:<br>
<table border=0 cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0><tr height=2><td><tr><td width=20><td>
<table border=0 cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0><tr height=2><td><tr><td width=20><td>
<tt><font size=+1>boxwid 0.75 boxht 0.5<br>
circlerad 0.25 arcrad 0.25<br>
ellipsewid 0.75 ellipseht 0.5<br>
linewid 0.5 lineht 0.5<br>
movewid 0.5 moveht 0.5<br>
textwid 0 textht 0<br>
arrowwid 0.05 arrowht 0.1<br>
dashwid 0.1 arrowhead 2<br>
scale 1<br>
</font></tt>
</table>
</table>
These may be changed at any time, and the new values remain in
force from picture to picture until changed again or reset by
a <tt><font size=+1>reset</font></tt> statement. Variables changed within <tt><font size=+1>[</font></tt> and <tt><font size=+1>]</font></tt> revert to
their previous value upon exit from the block. Dimensions are
divided by <tt><font size=+1>scale</font></tt> during output.
<table border=0 cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0><tr height=5><td></table>
Expressions in <i>pic</i> are evaluated in floating point. All numbers
representing dimensions are taken to be in inches.<br>
<table border=0 cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0><tr height=2><td><tr><td width=20><td>
<i>expr</i><tt><font size=+1>:<br>
</font></tt>
<table border=0 cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0><tr height=2><td><tr><td width=20><td>
<i>expr op expr<br>
</i><tt><font size=+1>−</font></tt> <i>expr<br>
</i><tt><font size=+1>!</font></tt> <i>expr<br>
</i><tt><font size=+1>(</font></tt> <i>expr</i> <tt><font size=+1>)<br>
variable<br>
number<br>
</font></tt><i>place</i> <tt><font size=+1>.x </font></tt><i> place</i> <tt><font size=+1>.y </font></tt><i> place</i> <tt><font size=+1>.ht </font></tt><i> place</i> <tt><font size=+1>.wid </font></tt><i> place</i> <tt><font size=+1>.rad<br>
sin(</font></tt><i>expr</i><tt><font size=+1>) cos(</font></tt><i>expr</i><tt><font size=+1>) atan2(</font></tt><i>expr,expr</i><tt><font size=+1>) log(</font></tt><i>expr</i><tt><font size=+1>) exp(</font></tt><i>expr</i><tt><font size=+1>)<br>
sqrt(</font></tt><i>expr</i><tt><font size=+1>) max(</font></tt><i>expr,expr</i><tt><font size=+1>) min(</font></tt><i>expr,expr</i><tt><font size=+1>) int(</font></tt><i>expr</i><tt><font size=+1>) rand()<br>
</font></tt>
</table>
<i>op</i><tt><font size=+1>:<br>
<table border=0 cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0><tr height=2><td><tr><td width=20><td>
+ − * / % < <= > >= == != && ||<br>
<table border=0 cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0><tr height=5><td></table>
</table>
</font></tt>
<table border=0 cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0><tr height=2><td><tr><td width=20><td>
</table>
</table>
The <tt><font size=+1>define</font></tt> and <tt><font size=+1>undef</font></tt> statements are not part of the grammar.<br>
<table border=0 cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0><tr height=2><td><tr><td width=20><td>
<table border=0 cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0><tr height=2><td><tr><td width=20><td>
<tt><font size=+1>define</font></tt> <i>name</i> <tt><font size=+1>{</font></tt> <i>replacement text</i> <tt><font size=+1>}<br>
undef</font></tt> <i>name<br>
</i>
</table>
</table>
Occurrences of <tt><font size=+1>$1</font></tt>, <tt><font size=+1>$2</font></tt>, etc., in the replacement text will be replaced
by the corresponding arguments if <i>name</i> is invoked as<br>
<table border=0 cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0><tr height=2><td><tr><td width=20><td>
<table border=0 cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0><tr height=2><td><tr><td width=20><td>
<i>name</i><tt><font size=+1>(</font></tt><i>arg1</i><tt><font size=+1>,</font></tt> <i>arg2</i><tt><font size=+1>, ...)<br>
</font></tt>
</table>
</table>
Non-existent arguments are replaced by null strings. Replacement
text may contain newlines. The <tt><font size=+1>undef</font></tt> statement removes the definition
of a macro.
<table border=0 cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0><tr height=5><td></table>
<i>Tpic</i> is a <a href="../man1/tex.html"><i>tex</i>(1)</a> preprocessor that accepts <i>pic</i> language. It produces
Tex commands that define a box called <tt><font size=+1>\graph</font></tt>, which contains the
picture. The box may be output this way:<br>
<table border=0 cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0><tr height=2><td><tr><td width=20><td>
<tt><font size=+1>\centerline{\box\graph}<br>
</font></tt>
</table>
</table>
<p><font size=+1><b>EXAMPLES </b></font><br>
<table border=0 cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0><tr height=2><td><tr><td width=20><td>
<tt><font size=+1>arrow "input" above; box "process"; arrow "output" above<br>
move<br>
A: ellipse <br>
<table border=0 cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0><tr height=2><td><tr><td width=20><td>
circle rad .1 with .w at A.e<br>
circle rad .05 at 0.5 <A.c, A.ne><br>
circle rad .065 at 0.5 <A.c, A.ne><br>
spline from last circle.nw left .25 then left .05 down .05<br>
arc from A.c to A.se rad 0.5<br>
for i = 1 to 10 do { line from A.s+.025*i,.01*i down i/50 } <br>
<table border=0 cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0><tr height=5><td></table>
</table>
</font></tt>
<table border=0 cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0><tr height=2><td><tr><td width=20><td>
</table>
arrow "input" above; box "process"; arrow "output" above move A: ellipse<br>
<table border=0 cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0><tr height=2><td><tr><td width=20><td>
circle rad .1 with .w at A.e<br>
circle rad .05 at 0.5 <A.c, A.ne><br>
circle rad .065 at 0.5 <A.c, A.ne><br>
spline from last circle.nw left .25 then left .05 down .05<br>
arc from A.c to A.se rad 0.5<br>
for i = 1 to 10 do { line from A.s+.025*i,.01*i down i/50 }<br>
</table>
</table>
<p><font size=+1><b>SOURCE </b></font><br>
<table border=0 cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0><tr height=2><td><tr><td width=20><td>
<tt><font size=+1>/usr/local/plan9/src/cmd/pic<br>
</font></tt>
</table>
<p><font size=+1><b>SEE ALSO </b></font><br>
<table border=0 cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0><tr height=2><td><tr><td width=20><td>
<a href="../man1/grap.html"><i>grap</i>(1)</a>, <a href="../man1/doctype.html"><i>doctype</i>(1)</a>, <a href="../man1/troff.html"><i>troff</i>(1)</a><br>
B. W. Kernighan, “PIC--a Graphics Language for Typesetting”, <i>Unix
Research System Programmer’s Manual,</i> Tenth Edition, Volume 2<br>
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