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<head>
<title>sed(1) - Plan 9 from User Space</title>
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<tr><td width=20><td>
<tr><td width=20><td><b>SED(1)</b><td align=right><b>SED(1)</b>
<tr><td width=20><td colspan=2>
<br>
<p><font size=+1><b>NAME </b></font><br>
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sed – stream editor<br>
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<p><font size=+1><b>SYNOPSIS </b></font><br>
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<tt><font size=+1>sed</font></tt> [ <tt><font size=+1>−n</font></tt> ] [ <tt><font size=+1>−g</font></tt> ] [ <tt><font size=+1>−e</font></tt> <i>script</i> ] [ <tt><font size=+1>−f</font></tt> <i>sfile</i> ] [ <i>file ...</i> ]<br>
</table>
<p><font size=+1><b>DESCRIPTION </b></font><br>
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<i>Sed</i> copies the named <i>files</i> (standard input default) to the standard
output, edited according to a script of commands. The <tt><font size=+1>−f</font></tt> option
causes the script to be taken from file <i>sfile</i>; these options accumulate.
If there is just one <tt><font size=+1>−e</font></tt> option and no <tt><font size=+1>−f</font></tt>’s, the flag <tt><font size=+1>−e</font></tt> may be
omitted. The <tt><font size=+1>−n</font></tt> option suppresses the default
output; <tt><font size=+1>−g</font></tt> causes all substitutions to be global, as if suffixed
<tt><font size=+1>g</font></tt>.
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A script consists of editing commands, one per line, of the following
form:<br>
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[<i>address</i> [<tt><font size=+1>,</font></tt> <i>address</i>] ] <i>function</i> [<i>argument</i> ...]
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In normal operation <i>sed</i> cyclically copies a line of input into
a <i>pattern space</i> (unless there is something left after a <tt><font size=+1>D</font></tt> command),
applies in sequence all commands whose <i>addresses</i> select that pattern
space, and at the end of the script copies the pattern space to
the standard output (except under <tt><font size=+1>−n</font></tt>) and deletes the
pattern space.
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An <i>address</i> is either a decimal number that counts input lines
cumulatively across files, a <tt><font size=+1>$</font></tt> that addresses the last line of
input, or a context address, <tt><font size=+1>/</font></tt><i>regular-expression</i><tt><font size=+1>/</font></tt>, in the style
of <a href="../man7/regexp.html"><i>regexp</i>(7)</a>, with the added convention that <tt><font size=+1>\n</font></tt> matches a newline
embedded in the pattern space.
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A command line with no addresses selects every pattern space.
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A command line with one address selects each pattern space that
matches the address.
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A command line with two addresses selects the inclusive range
from the first pattern space that matches the first address through
the next pattern space that matches the second. (If the second
address is a number less than or equal to the line number first
selected, only one line is selected.) Thereafter the process is
repeated, looking again for the first address.
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Editing commands can be applied to non-selected pattern spaces
by use of the negation function <tt><font size=+1>!</font></tt> (below).
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An argument denoted <i>text</i> consists of one or more lines, all but
the last of which end with <tt><font size=+1>\</font></tt> to hide the newline. Backslashes
in text are treated like backslashes in the replacement string
of an <tt><font size=+1>s</font></tt> command, and may be used to protect initial blanks and
tabs against the stripping that is done on every script line.
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An argument denoted <i>rfile</i> or <i>wfile</i> must terminate the command
line and must be preceded by exactly one blank. Each <i>wfile</i> is
created before processing begins. There can be at most 120 distinct
<i>wfile</i> arguments.<br>
<tt><font size=+1>a\<br>
</font></tt><i>text</i> Append. Place <i>text</i> on the output before reading the next input
line.<br>
<tt><font size=+1>b</font></tt> <i>label</i> Branch to the <tt><font size=+1>:</font></tt> command bearing the <i>label</i>. If <i>label</i> is
empty, branch to the end of the script.<br>
<tt><font size=+1>c\<br>
</font></tt><i>text</i> Change. Delete the pattern space. With 0 or 1 address or at
the end of a 2-address range, place <i>text</i> on the output. Start
the next cycle.<br>
<tt><font size=+1>d</font></tt> Delete the pattern space. Start the next cycle.<br>
<tt><font size=+1>D</font></tt> Delete the initial segment of the pattern space through the first
newline. Start the next cycle.<br>
<tt><font size=+1>g</font></tt> Replace the contents of the pattern space by the contents of
the hold space.<br>
<tt><font size=+1>G</font></tt> Append the contents of the hold space to the pattern space.<br>
<tt><font size=+1>h</font></tt> Replace the contents of the hold space by the contents of the
pattern space.<br>
<tt><font size=+1>H</font></tt> Append the contents of the pattern space to the hold space.<br>
<tt><font size=+1>i\<br>
</font></tt><i>text</i> Insert. Place <i>text</i> on the standard output.<br>
<tt><font size=+1>n</font></tt> Copy the pattern space to the standard output. Replace the pattern
space with the next line of input.<br>
<tt><font size=+1>N</font></tt> Append the next line of input to the pattern space with an embedded
newline. (The current line number changes.)<br>
<tt><font size=+1>p</font></tt> Print. Copy the pattern space to the standard output.<br>
<tt><font size=+1>P</font></tt> Copy the initial segment of the pattern space through the first
newline to the standard output.<br>
<tt><font size=+1>q</font></tt> Quit. Branch to the end of the script. Do not start a new cycle.<br>
<tt><font size=+1>r</font></tt> <i>rfile</i> Read the contents of <i>rfile</i>. Place them on the output before
reading the next input line.<br>
<tt><font size=+1>s/</font></tt><i>regular-expression</i><tt><font size=+1>/</font></tt><i>replacement</i><tt><font size=+1>/</font></tt><i>flags<br>
</i>
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Substitute the <i>replacement</i> string for instances of the <i>regular-expression</i>
in the pattern space. Any character may be used instead of <tt><font size=+1>/</font></tt>.
For a fuller description see <a href="../man7/regexp.html"><i>regexp</i>(7)</a>. <i>Flags</i> is zero or more
of<br>
<tt><font size=+1>g</font></tt> Global. Substitute for all non-overlapping instances of the <i>regular
expression</i> rather than just the first one.<br>
<tt><font size=+1>p</font></tt> Print the pattern space if a replacement was made.<br>
<tt><font size=+1>w</font></tt> <i>wfile<br>
</i>Write. Append the pattern space to <i>wfile</i> if a replacement was
made.<br>
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</table>
<tt><font size=+1>t</font></tt> <i>label</i> Test. Branch to the <tt><font size=+1>:</font></tt> command bearing the <i>label</i> if any
substitutions have been made since the most recent reading of
an input line or execution of a <tt><font size=+1>t</font></tt>. If <i>label</i> is empty, branch to
the end of the script.<br>
<tt><font size=+1>w</font></tt><i> wfile<br>
</i>
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Write. Append the pattern space to <i>wfile</i>.<br>
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<tt><font size=+1>x</font></tt> Exchange the contents of the pattern and hold spaces.<br>
<tt><font size=+1>y/</font></tt><i>string1</i><tt><font size=+1>/</font></tt><i>string2</i><tt><font size=+1>/<br>
</font></tt>
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Transform. Replace all occurrences of characters in <i>string1</i> with
the corresponding character in <i>string2</i>. The lengths of <i>string1</i>
and <i>string2</i> must be equal.<br>
</table>
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<tt><font size=+1>!</font></tt><i>function</i> Don’t. Apply the <i>function</i> (or group, if <i>function</i> is <tt><font size=+1>{</font></tt>)
only to lines <i>not</i> selected by the address(es).<br>
<tt><font size=+1>:</font></tt> <i>label</i> This command does nothing; it bears a <i>label</i> for <tt><font size=+1>b</font></tt> and <tt><font size=+1>t</font></tt>
commands to branch to.<br>
<tt><font size=+1>=</font></tt> Place the current line number on the standard output as a line.<br>
<tt><font size=+1>{</font></tt> Execute the following commands through a matching <tt><font size=+1>}</font></tt> only when
the pattern space is selected.<br>
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An empty command is ignored.<br>
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<p><font size=+1><b>EXAMPLES </b></font><br>
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<tt><font size=+1>sed 10q file<br>
</font></tt>
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Print the first 10 lines of the file.<br>
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<tt><font size=+1>sed '/^$/d'<br>
</font></tt>
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Delete empty lines from standard input.<br>
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<tt><font size=+1>sed 's/UNIX/& system/g'<br>
</font></tt>
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Replace every instance of <tt><font size=+1>UNIX</font></tt> by <tt><font size=+1>UNIX system</font></tt>.
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<tt><font size=+1>sed 's/ *$// </font></tt> drop trailing blanks<br>
<tt><font size=+1>/^$/d </font></tt> drop empty lines<br>
<tt><font size=+1>s/ */\ </font></tt> replace blanks by newlines<br>
<tt><font size=+1>/g<br>
/^$/d' chapter*<br>
</font></tt>
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Print the files <tt><font size=+1>chapter1</font></tt>, <tt><font size=+1>chapter2</font></tt>, etc. one word to a line.
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<tt><font size=+1>nroff −ms manuscript | sed '<br>
${<br>
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/^$/p
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</font></tt>
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if last line of file is empty, print it<br>
</table>
<tt><font size=+1>}<br>
//N </font></tt> if current line is empty, append next line<br>
<tt><font size=+1>/^\n$/D' </font></tt> if two lines are empty, delete the first<br>
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Delete all but one of each group of empty lines from a formatted
manuscript.<br>
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<p><font size=+1><b>SOURCE </b></font><br>
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<tt><font size=+1>/usr/local/plan9/src/cmd/sed.c<br>
</font></tt>
</table>
<p><font size=+1><b>SEE ALSO </b></font><br>
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<a href="../man1/ed.html"><i>ed</i>(1)</a>, <a href="../man1/grep.html"><i>grep</i>(1)</a>, <a href="../man1/awk.html"><i>awk</i>(1)</a>, <a href="../man1/lex.html"><i>lex</i>(1)</a>, <a href="../man1/sam.html"><i>sam</i>(1)</a>, <a href="../man7/regexp.html"><i>regexp</i>(7)</a><br>
L. E. McMahon, ‘SED -- A Non-interactive Text Editor’, Unix Research
System Programmer’s Manual, Volume 2.<br>
</table>
<p><font size=+1><b>BUGS </b></font><br>
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If input is from a pipe, buffering may consume characters beyond
a line on which a <tt><font size=+1>q</font></tt> command is executed.<br>
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