Lots of man pages.

51 files changed, 7647 insertions, 0 deletions

diff --git a/man/man1/9nm.1 b/man/man1/9nm.1
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+.TH NM 1
+.SH NAME
+nm \- name list (symbol table)
+.SH SYNOPSIS
+.B nm
+[
+.B -aghnsu
+]
+.I file ...
+.SH DESCRIPTION
+.I Nm
+prints the name list of each executable or object
+.I file
+in the argument list.
+If the
+.I file
+is an archive
+(see
+.IR ar (1)),
+the name list of each file in the archive is printed.
+If more than one file is given in the argument list,
+the name of each file is printed at the beginning of each line.
+.PP
+Each symbol name is preceded by its hexadecimal
+value (blanks if undefined)
+and one of the letters
+.TP
+.B T
+text segment symbol
+.PD0
+.TP
+.B t
+static text segment symbol
+.TP
+.B L
+leaf function text segment symbol
+.TP
+.B l
+static leaf function text segment symbol
+.TP
+.B D
+data segment symbol
+.TP
+.B d
+static data segment symbol
+.TP
+.B B
+bss segment symbol
+.TP
+.B b
+static bss segment symbol
+.TP
+.B a
+automatic (local) variable symbol
+.TP
+.B p
+function parameter symbol
+.TP
+.B z
+source file name
+.TP
+.B Z
+source file line offset
+.TP
+.B f
+source file name components
+.PD
+.PP
+The output is sorted alphabetically.
+.PP
+Options are:
+.TP
+.B -a
+Print all symbols; normally only user-defined text, data,
+and bss segment symbols are printed.
+.TP
+.B -g
+Print only global
+.RB ( T ,
+.BR L ,
+.BR D ,
+.BR B )
+symbols.
+.TP
+.B -h
+Do not print file name headers with output lines.
+.TP
+.B -n
+Sort according to the address of the symbols.
+.TP
+.B -s
+Don't sort; print in symbol-table order.
+.TP
+.B -u
+Print only undefined symbols.
+.SH SOURCE
+.B /sys/src/cmd/nm.c
+.SH SEE ALSO
+.IR ar (1),
+.IR 2l (1), 
+.IR db (1),
+.IR acid (1),
+.IR a.out (6)
+
diff --git a/man/man1/9sed.1 b/man/man1/9sed.1
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..3b5ac181
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/man1/9sed.1
@@ -0,0 +1,385 @@
+.TH SED 1
+.SH NAME
+sed \- stream editor
+.SH SYNOPSIS
+.B sed
+[
+.B -n
+]
+[
+.B -g
+]
+[
+.B -e
+.I script
+]
+[
+.B -f
+.I sfile
+]
+[
+.I file ...
+]
+.SH DESCRIPTION
+.I Sed
+copies the named
+.I files
+(standard input default) to the standard output,
+edited according to a script of commands.
+The
+.B -f
+option causes the script to be taken from file
+.IR sfile ;
+these options accumulate.
+If there is just one
+.B -e
+option and no
+.BR -f 's,
+the flag
+.B -e
+may be omitted.
+The
+.B -n
+option suppresses the default output;
+.B -g
+causes all substitutions to be global, as if suffixed
+.BR g .
+.PP
+A script consists of editing commands, one per line,
+of the following form:
+.IP
+[\fIaddress\fR [\fL,\fI address\fR] ] \fIfunction\fR [\fIargument\fR ...]
+.PP
+In normal operation
+.I sed
+cyclically copies a line of input into a
+.I pattern space
+(unless there is something left after
+a 
+.L D
+command),
+applies in sequence
+all commands whose
+.I addresses
+select that pattern space,
+and at the end of the script copies the pattern space
+to the standard output (except under
+.BR -n )
+and deletes the pattern space.
+.PP
+An
+.I address
+is either a decimal number that counts
+input lines cumulatively across files, a 
+.L $
+that
+addresses the last line of input, or a context address,
+.BI / regular-expression / \f1,
+in the style of
+.IR regexp (6),
+with the added convention that
+.L \en
+matches a
+newline embedded in the pattern space.
+.PP
+A command line with no addresses selects every pattern space.
+.PP
+A command line with
+one address selects each pattern space that matches the address.
+.PP
+A command line with
+two addresses selects the inclusive range from the first
+pattern space that matches the first address through
+the next pattern space that matches
+the second.
+(If the second address is a number less than or equal
+to the line number first selected, only one
+line is selected.)
+Thereafter the process is repeated, looking again for the
+first address.
+.PP
+Editing commands can be applied to non-selected pattern
+spaces by use of the negation function 
+.L !
+(below).
+.PP
+An argument denoted
+.I text
+consists of one or more lines,
+all but the last of which end with 
+.L \e
+to hide the
+newline.
+Backslashes in text are treated like backslashes
+in the replacement string of an 
+.L s
+command,
+and may be used to protect initial blanks and tabs
+against the stripping that is done on
+every script line.
+.PP
+An argument denoted
+.I rfile
+or
+.I wfile
+must terminate the command
+line and must be preceded by exactly one blank.
+Each
+.I wfile
+is created before processing begins.
+There can be at most 120 distinct
+.I wfile
+arguments.
+.TP \w'\fL!\ \fIfunction\fLXXX'u
+.B a\e
+.br
+.ns
+.TP
+.I text
+Append.
+Place
+.I text
+on the output before
+reading the next input line.
+.TP
+.BI b " label"
+Branch to the 
+.B :
+command bearing the
+.IR label .
+If
+.I label
+is empty, branch to the end of the script.
+.TP
+.B c\e
+.br
+.ns
+.TP
+.I text
+Change.
+Delete the pattern space.
+With 0 or 1 address or at the end of a 2-address range, place
+.I text
+on the output.
+Start the next cycle.
+.TP
+.B d
+Delete the pattern space.
+Start the next cycle.
+.TP
+.B D
+Delete the initial segment of the
+pattern space through the first newline.
+Start the next cycle.
+.TP
+.B g
+Replace the contents of the pattern space
+by the contents of the hold space.
+.TP
+.B G
+Append the contents of the hold space to the pattern space.
+.TP
+.B h
+Replace the contents of the hold space by the contents of the pattern space.
+.TP
+.B H
+Append the contents of the pattern space to the hold space.
+.ne 3
+.TP
+.B i\e
+.br
+.ns
+.TP
+.I text
+Insert.
+Place
+.I text
+on the standard output.
+.TP
+.B n
+Copy the pattern space to the standard output.
+Replace the pattern space with the next line of input.
+.TP
+.B N
+Append the next line of input to the pattern space
+with an embedded newline.
+(The current line number changes.)
+.TP
+.B p
+Print.
+Copy the pattern space to the standard output.
+.TP
+.B P
+Copy the initial segment of the pattern space through
+the first newline to the standard output.
+.TP
+.B q
+Quit.
+Branch to the end of the script.
+Do not start a new cycle.
+.TP
+.BI r " rfile"
+Read the contents of
+.IR rfile .
+Place them on the output before reading
+the next input line.
+.TP
+.B s/\fIregular-expression\fP/\fIreplacement\fP/\fIflags
+Substitute the
+.I replacement
+string for instances of the
+.I regular-expression
+in the pattern space.
+Any character may be used instead of 
+.LR / .
+For a fuller description see
+.IR regexp (6).
+.I Flags
+is zero or more of
+.RS
+.TP
+.B g
+Global.
+Substitute for all non-overlapping instances of the
+.I regular expression
+rather than just the
+first one.
+.TP
+.B p
+Print the pattern space if a replacement was made.
+.TP
+.BI w " wfile"
+Write.
+Append the pattern space to
+.I wfile
+if a replacement
+was made.
+.RE
+.TP
+.BI t " label"
+Test.
+Branch to the 
+.L :
+command bearing the
+.I label
+if any
+substitutions have been made since the most recent
+reading of an input line or execution of a 
+.LR t .
+If
+.I label
+is empty, branch to the end of the script.
+.TP
+.B w
+.I wfile
+.br
+Write.
+Append the pattern space to
+.IR wfile .
+.TP
+.B x
+Exchange the contents of the pattern and hold spaces.
+.TP
+.B y/\fIstring1\fP/\fIstring2\fP/
+Transform.
+Replace all occurrences of characters in
+.I string1
+with the corresponding character in
+.IR string2 .
+The lengths of
+.I
+string1
+and
+.I string2
+must be equal.
+.TP
+.BI ! "function"
+Don't.
+Apply the
+.I function
+(or group, if
+.I function
+is 
+.LR { )
+only to lines
+.I not
+selected by the address(es).
+.TP
+.BI : " label"
+This command does nothing; it bears a
+.I label
+for 
+.B b
+and 
+.B t
+commands to branch to.
+.TP
+.B =
+Place the current line number on the standard output as a line.
+.TP
+.B {
+Execute the following commands through a matching 
+.L }
+only when the pattern space is selected.
+.TP
+.B " "
+An empty command is ignored.
+.ne 4
+.SH EXAMPLES
+.TP
+.B sed 10q file
+Print the first 10 lines of the file.
+.TP
+.B sed '/^$/d'
+Delete empty lines from standard input.
+.TP
+.B sed 's/UNIX/& system/g'
+Replace every instance of 
+.L UNIX
+by
+.LR "UNIX system" .
+.PP
+.EX
+sed 's/ *$//	\fRdrop trailing blanks\fP
+/^$/d			\fRdrop empty lines\fP
+s/  */\e		\fRreplace blanks by newlines\fP
+/g
+/^$/d' chapter*
+.EE
+.ns
+.IP
+Print the files 
+.BR chapter1 ,
+.BR chapter2 ,
+etc. one word to a line.
+.PP
+.EX
+nroff -ms manuscript | sed '
+${
+	/^$/p		\fRif last line of file is empty, print it\fP
+}
+//N			\fRif current line is empty, append next line\fP
+/^\en$/D'		\fRif two lines are empty, delete the first\fP
+.EE
+.ns
+.IP
+Delete all but one of each group of empty lines from a
+formatted manuscript.
+.SH SOURCE
+.B /sys/src/cmd/sed.c
+.SH SEE ALSO
+.IR ed (1), 
+.IR grep (1), 
+.IR awk (1), 
+.IR lex (1), 
+.IR sam (1),
+.IR regexp (6)
+.br
+L. E. McMahon,
+`SED \(em A Non-interactive Text Editor',
+Unix Research System Programmer's Manual, Volume 2.
+.SH BUGS
+If input is from a pipe, buffering may consume
+characters beyond a line on which a 
+.L q
+command is executed.
diff --git a/man/man1/acme.1 b/man/man1/acme.1
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..5cae0036
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/man1/acme.1
@@ -0,0 +1,683 @@
+.TH ACME 1
+.SH NAME
+acme, win, awd \- interactive text windows
+.SH SYNOPSIS
+.B acme
+[
+.B -f
+.I varfont
+]
+[
+.B -F
+.I fixfont
+]
+[
+.B -c
+.I ncol
+]
+[
+.B -b
+]
+[
+.B -l
+.I file
+|
+.I file
+\&... ]
+.LP
+.B win
+[
+.I command
+]
+.LP
+.B awd
+[
+.I label
+]
+.SH DESCRIPTION
+.I Acme
+manages windows of text that may be edited interactively or by external programs.
+The interactive interface uses the keyboard and mouse; external programs
+use a set of files served by
+.IR acme ;
+these are discussed in
+.IR acme (4).
+.PP
+Any named
+.I files
+are read into
+.I acme
+windows before
+.I acme
+accepts input.
+With the
+.B -l
+option, the state of the entire system is loaded
+from
+.IR file ,
+which should have been created by a
+.B Dump
+command (q.v.),
+and subsequent
+.I file
+names are ignored.
+Plain files display as text; directories display as columnated lists of the
+names of their components, as in
+.B "ls -p directory|mc
+except that the names of subdirectories have a slash appended.
+.PP
+The
+.B -f
+.RB ( -F )
+option sets the main font, usually variable-pitch (alternate, usually fixed-pitch);
+the default is
+.B /lib/font/bit/lucidasans/euro.8.font
+.RB ( \&.../lucm/unicode.9.font ).
+Tab intervals are set to the width of 4 (or the value of
+.BR $tabstop )
+numeral zeros in the appropriate font.
+.PP
+.SS Windows
+.I Acme
+windows are in two parts: a one-line
+.I tag
+above a multi-line
+.IR body .
+The body typically contains an image of a file, as in
+.IR sam (1),
+or the output of a
+program, as in an
+.IR rio (1)
+window.
+The tag contains a number of
+blank-separated words, followed by a vertical bar character, followed by anything.
+The first word is the name of the window, typically the name of the associated
+file or directory, and the other words are commands available in that window.
+Any text may be added after the bar; examples are strings to search for or
+commands to execute in that window.
+Changes to the text left of the bar will be ignored,
+unless the result is to change the name of the
+window.
+.PP
+If a window holds a directory, the name (first word of the tag) will end with
+a slash.
+.SS Scrolling
+Each window has a scroll bar to the left of the body.
+The scroll bar behaves much as in
+.IR sam (1)
+or
+.IR rio (1)
+except that scrolling occurs when the button is pressed, rather than released,
+and continues
+as long as the mouse button is held down in the scroll bar.
+For example, to scroll slowly through a file,
+hold button 3 down near the top of the scroll bar.  Moving the mouse
+down the scroll bar speeds up the rate of scrolling.
+.SS Layout
+.I Acme
+windows are arranged in columns.  By default, it creates two columns when starting;
+this can be overridden with the
+.B -c
+option.
+Placement is automatic but may be adjusted
+using the
+.I layout box
+in the upper left corner of each window and column.
+Pressing and holding any mouse button in the box drags
+the associated window or column.
+For windows, just
+clicking in the layout box grows the window in place: button 1
+grows it a little, button 2 grows it as much as it can, still leaving all other
+tags in that column visible, and button 3 takes over the column completely,
+temporarily hiding other windows in the column.
+(They will return
+.I en masse
+if any of them needs attention.)
+The layout box in a window is normally white; when it is black in the center,
+it records that the file is `dirty':
+.I Acme
+believes it is modified from its original
+contents.
+.PP
+Tags exist at the top of each column and across the whole display.
+.I Acme
+pre-loads them with useful commands.
+Also, the tag across the top maintains a list of executing long-running commands.
+.SS Typing
+The behavior of typed text is similar to that in
+.IR rio (1)
+except that the characters are delivered to the tag or body under the mouse; there is no
+`click to type'.
+(The experimental option
+.B -b
+causes typing to go to the most recently clicked-at or made window.)
+The usual backspacing conventions apply.
+As in
+.IR sam (1)
+but not
+.IR rio ,
+the ESC key selects the text typed since the last mouse action,
+a feature particularly useful when executing commands.
+A side effect is that typing ESC with text already selected is identical
+to a
+.B Cut
+command
+.RI ( q.v. ).
+.PP
+Most text, including the names of windows, may be edited uniformly.
+The only exception is that the command names to the
+left of the bar in a tag are maintained automatically; changes to them are repaired
+by
+.IR acme .
+.SS "Directory context
+Each window's tag names a directory: explicitly if the window
+holds a directory; implicitly if it holds a regular file
+(e.g. the directory
+.B /adm
+if the window holds
+.BR /adm/users ).
+This directory provides a
+.I context
+for interpreting file names in that window.
+For example, the string
+.B users
+in a window labeled
+.B /adm/
+or
+.B /adm/keys
+will be interpreted as the file name
+.BR /adm/users .
+The directory is defined purely textually, so it can be a non-existent
+directory or a real directory associated with a non-existent file
+(e.g.
+.BR /adm/not-a-file ).
+File names beginning with a slash
+are assumed to be absolute file names.
+.SS Errors
+Windows whose names begin with
+.B -
+or
+.B +
+conventionally hold diagnostics and other data
+not directly associated with files.
+A window labeled
+.B +Errors
+receives all diagnostics produced by
+.I acme
+itself.
+Diagnostics from commands run by
+.I acme
+appear in a window named
+.IB directory /+Errors
+where
+.I directory
+is identified by the context of the command.
+These error windows are created when needed.
+.SS "Mouse button 1
+Mouse button 1 selects text just as in
+.IR sam (1)
+or
+.IR rio (1) ,
+including the usual double-clicking conventions.
+.SS "Mouse button 2
+By an
+action similar to selecting text with button 1,
+button 2 indicates text to execute as a command.
+If the indicated text has multiple white-space-separated words,
+the first is the command name and the second and subsequent
+are its arguments.
+If button 2 is `clicked'\(emindicates a null string\(em\c
+.I acme
+.I expands
+the indicated text to find a command to run:
+if the click is within button-1-selected text,
+.I acme
+takes that selection as the command;
+otherwise it takes the largest string of valid file name characters containing the click.
+Valid file name characters are alphanumerics and
+.B _
+.B .
+.B -
+.B +
+.BR / .
+This behavior is similar to double-clicking with button 1 but,
+because a null command is meaningless, only a single click is required.
+.PP
+Some commands, all by convention starting with a capital letter, are
+.I built-ins
+that are executed directly by
+.IR acme :
+.TP
+.B Cut
+Delete most recently selected text and place in snarf buffer.
+.TP
+.B Del
+Delete window.  If window is dirty, instead print a warning; a second
+.B Del
+will succeed.
+.TP
+.B Delcol
+Delete column and all its windows, after checking that windows are not dirty.
+.TP
+.B Delete
+Delete window without checking for dirtiness.
+.TP
+.B Dump
+Write the state of
+.I acme
+to the file name, if specified, or
+.B $home/acme.dump
+by default.
+.TP
+.B Edit
+Treat the argument as a text editing command in the style of
+.IR sam (1).
+The full
+.B Sam
+language is implemented except for the commands
+.BR k ,
+.BR n ,
+.BR q ,
+and
+.BR ! .
+The
+.B =
+command is slightly different: it includes the file name and
+gives only the line address unless the command is explicitly
+.BR =# .
+The `current window' for the command is the body of the window in which the
+.B Edit
+command is executed.
+Usually the
+.B Edit
+command would be typed in a tag; longer commands may be prepared in a
+scratch window and executed, with
+.B Edit
+itself in the current window, using the 2-1 chord described below.
+.TP
+.B Exit
+Exit
+.I acme
+after checking that windows are not dirty.
+.TP
+.B Font
+With no arguments, change the font of the associated window from fixed-spaced to
+proportional-spaced or
+.I vice
+.IR versa .
+Given a file name argument, change the font of the window to that stored in the named file.
+If the file name argument is prefixed by
+.B var
+.RB ( fix ),
+also set the default proportional-spaced (fixed-spaced) font for future use to that font.
+Other existing windows are unaffected.
+.TP
+.B Get
+Load file into window, replacing previous contents (after checking for dirtiness as in
+.BR Del ).
+With no argument, use the existing file name of the window.
+Given an argument, use that file but do not change the window's file name.
+.TP
+.B ID
+Print window ID number
+.RI ( q.v. ).
+.TP
+.B Incl
+When opening `include' files
+(those enclosed in
+.BR <> )
+with button 3,
+.I acme
+searches in directories
+.B /$objtype/include
+and
+.BR /sys/include .
+.B Incl
+adds its arguments to a supplementary list of include directories, analogous to
+the
+.B -I
+option to the compilers.
+This list is per-window and is inherited when windows are created by actions in that window, so
+.I Incl
+is most usefully applied to a directory containing relevant source.
+With no arguments,
+.I Incl
+prints the supplementary list.
+This command is largely superseded by plumbing
+(see
+.IR plumb (6)).
+.TP
+.B Kill
+Send a
+.B kill
+note to
+.IR acme -initiated
+commands named as arguments.
+.TP
+.B Local
+When prefixed to a command
+run the
+command in the same file name space and environment variable group as
+.IR acme .
+The environment of the command
+is restricted but is sufficient to run
+.IR bind (1),
+.IR 9fs
+(see
+.IR srv (4)),
+.IR import (4),
+etc.,
+and to set environment variables such as
+.BR $objtype .
+.TP
+.B Load
+Restore the state of
+.I acme
+from a file (default
+.BR $home/acme.dump )
+created by the
+.B Dump
+command.
+.TP
+.B Look
+Search in body for occurrence of literal text indicated by the argument or,
+if none is given, by the selected text in the body.
+.TP
+.B New
+Make new window.  With arguments, load the named files into windows.
+.TP
+.B Newcol
+Make new column.
+.TP
+.B Paste
+Replace most recently selected text with contents of snarf buffer.
+.TP
+.B Put
+Write window to the named file.
+With no argument, write to the file named in the tag of the window.
+.TP
+.B Putall
+Write all dirty windows whose names indicate existing regular files.
+.TP
+.B Redo
+Complement of
+.BR Undo .
+.TP
+.B Send
+Append selected text or snarf buffer to end of body; used mainly with
+.IR win .
+.TP
+.B Snarf
+Place selected text in snarf buffer.
+.TP
+.B Sort
+Arrange the windows in the column from top to bottom in lexicographical
+order based on their names.
+.TP
+.B Tab
+Set the width of tab stops for this window to the value of the argument, in units of widths of the zero
+character.
+With no arguments, it prints the current value.
+.TP
+.B Undo
+Undo last textual change or set of changes.
+.TP
+.B Zerox
+Create a copy of the window containing most recently selected text.
+.PP
+A common place to store text for commands is in the tag; in fact
+.I acme
+maintains a set of commands appropriate to the state of the window
+to the left of the bar in the tag.
+.PP
+If the text indicated with button 2 is not a recognized built-in, it is executed as
+a shell command.  For example, indicating
+.B date
+with button 2 runs
+.IR date (1).
+The standard
+and error outputs of commands are sent to the error window associated with
+the directory from which the command was run, which will be created if
+necessary.
+For example, in a window
+.B /adm/users
+executing
+.B pwd
+will produce the output
+.B /adm
+in a (possibly newly-created) window labeled
+.BR /adm/+Errors ;
+in a window containing
+.B /sys/src/cmd/sam/sam.c
+executing
+.B mk
+will run
+.IR mk (1)
+in
+.BR /sys/src/cmd/sam ,
+producing output in a window labeled
+.BR /sys/src/cmd/sam/+Errors .
+The environment of such commands contains the variable
+.B $%
+with value set to the filename of the window in which the command is run.
+.SS "Mouse button 3
+Pointing at text with button 3 instructs
+.I acme
+to locate or acquire the file, string, etc. described by the indicated text and
+its context.
+This description follows the actions taken when
+button 3 is released after sweeping out some text.
+In the description,
+.I text
+refers to the text of the original sweep or, if it was null, the result of
+applying the same expansion rules that apply to button 2 actions.
+.PP
+If the text names an existing window,
+.I acme
+moves the mouse cursor to the selected text in the body of that window.
+If the text names an existing file with no associated window,
+.I acme
+loads the file into a new window and moves the mouse there.
+If the text is a file name contained in angle brackets,
+.I acme
+loads the indicated include file from the directory appropriate to the
+suffix of the file name of the window holding the text.
+(The
+.B Incl
+command adds directories to the standard list.)
+.PP
+If the text begins with a colon, it is taken to be an address, in
+the style of
+.IR sam (1),
+within the body of the window containing the text.
+The address is evaluated, the resulting text highlighted, and the mouse moved to it.
+Thus, in
+.IR acme ,
+one must type
+.B :/regexp
+or
+.B :127
+not just
+.B /regexp
+or
+.BR 127 .
+(There is an easier way to locate literal text; see below.)
+.PP
+If the text is a file name followed by a colon and an address,
+.I acme
+loads the file and evaluates the address.  For example, clicking button 3 anywhere
+in the text
+.B file.c:27
+will open
+.BR file.c ,
+select line
+27, and put the mouse at the beginning of the line.  The rules about Error
+files, directories, and so on all combine to make this an efficient way to
+investigate errors from compilers, etc.
+.PP
+If the text is not an address or file, it is taken to
+be literal text, which is then searched for in the body of the window
+in which button 3 was clicked.  If a match is found, it is selected and the mouse is
+moved there.  Thus, to search for occurrences of a word in a file,
+just click button 3 on the word.  Because of the rule of using the
+selection as the button 3 action, subsequent clicks will find subsequent
+occurrences without moving the mouse.
+.PP
+In all these actions, the mouse motion is not done if the text is a null string
+within a non-null selected string in the tag, so that (for example) complex regular expressions
+may be selected and applied repeatedly to the
+body by just clicking button 3 over them.
+.SS "Chords of mouse buttons
+Several operations are bound to multiple-button actions.
+After selecting text, with button 1 still down, pressing button 2
+executes
+.B Cut
+and button 3 executes
+.BR Paste .
+After clicking one button, the other undoes
+the first; thus (while holding down button 1) 2 followed by 3 is a
+.B Snarf
+that leaves the file undirtied;
+3 followed by 2 is a no-op.
+These actions also apply to text selected by double-clicking because
+the double-click expansion is made when the second
+click starts, not when it ends.
+.PP
+Commands may be given extra arguments by a mouse chord with buttons 2 and 1.
+While holding down button 2 on text to be executed as a command, clicking button 1
+appends the text last pointed to by button 1 as a distinct final argument.
+For example, to search for literal
+.B text
+one may execute
+.B Look text
+with button 2 or instead point at
+.B text
+with button 1 in any window, release button 1,
+then execute
+.BR Look ,
+clicking button 1 while 2 is held down.
+.PP
+When an external command (e.g.
+.IR echo (1))
+is executed this way, the extra argument is passed as expected and an
+environment variable
+.B $acmeaddr
+is created that holds, in the form interpreted by button 3,
+the fully-qualified address of the extra argument.
+.SS "Support programs
+.I Win
+creates a new
+.I acme
+window and runs a
+.I command
+(default
+.BR /bin/rc )
+in it, turning the window into something analogous to an
+.IR rio (1)
+window.
+Executing text in a
+.I win
+window with button
+2 is similar to using
+.BR Send .
+.PP
+.I Awd
+loads the tag line of its window with the directory in which it's running, suffixed
+.BI - label
+(default
+.BR rc );
+it is
+intended to be executed by a
+.B cd
+function for use in
+.I win
+windows.  An example definition is
+.EX
+	fn cd { builtin cd $1 && awd $sysname }
+.EE
+.SS "Applications and guide files
+In the directory
+.B /acme
+live several subdirectories, each corresponding to a program or
+set of related programs that employ
+.I acme's
+user interface.
+Each subdirectory includes source, binaries, and a
+.B readme
+file for further information.
+It also includes a
+.BR guide ,
+a text file holding sample commands to invoke the programs.
+The idea is to find an example in the guide that best matches
+the job at hand, edit it to suit, and execute it.
+.PP
+Whenever a command is executed by
+.IR acme ,
+the default search path includes the directory of the window containing
+the command and its subdirectory
+.BR $cputype .
+The program directories in
+.B /acme
+contain appropriately labeled subdirectories of binaries,
+so commands named
+in the guide files will be found automatically when run.
+Also,
+.I acme
+binds the directories
+.B /acme/bin
+and
+.B /acme/bin/$cputype
+to the end of
+.B /bin
+when it starts; this is where
+.IR acme -specific
+programs such as
+.I win
+and
+.I awd
+reside.
+.SH FILES
+.TF $home/acme.dump
+.TP
+.B $home/acme.dump
+default file for
+.B Dump
+and
+.BR Load ;
+also where state is written if
+.I acme
+dies or is killed unexpectedly, e.g. by deleting its window.
+.TP
+.B /acme/*/guide
+template files for applications
+.TP
+.B /acme/*/readme
+informal documentation for applications
+.TP
+.B /acme/*/src
+source for applications
+.TP
+.B /acme/*/mips
+MIPS-specific binaries for applications
+.SH SOURCE
+.B /sys/src/cmd/acme
+.br
+.B /acme/bin/source/win
+.br
+.B /sys/src/cmd/awd.c
+.SH SEE ALSO
+.IR acme (4)
+.br
+Rob Pike,
+.I
+Acme: A User Interface for Programmers.
+.SH BUGS
+With the
+.B -l
+option or
+.B Load
+command,
+the recreation of windows under control of external programs
+such as
+.I win
+is just to rerun the command; information may be lost.
diff --git a/man/man1/ascii.1 b/man/man1/ascii.1
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..47fd3550
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/man1/ascii.1
@@ -0,0 +1,161 @@
+.TH ASCII 1 
+.SH NAME
+ascii, unicode \- interpret ASCII, Unicode characters
+.SH SYNOPSIS
+.B ascii
+[
+.B -8
+]
+[
+.BI -oxdb n
+]
+[
+.B -nct
+]
+[
+.I text
+]
+.PP
+.B unicode
+[
+.B -nt
+]
+.IB hexmin - hexmax
+.PP
+.B unicode
+[
+.B -t
+]
+.I hex
+[
+\&...
+]
+.PP
+.B unicode
+[
+.B -n
+]
+.I characters
+.PP
+.B look
+.I hex
+.B /lib/unicode
+.SH DESCRIPTION
+.I Ascii
+prints the
+.SM ASCII 
+values corresponding to characters and
+.I vice
+.IR versa ;
+under the
+.B -8
+option, the
+.SM ISO
+Latin-1 extensions (codes 0200-0377) are included.
+The values are interpreted in a settable numeric base;
+.B -o
+specifies octal,
+.B -d
+decimal,
+.B -x
+hexadecimal (the default), and
+.BI -b n
+base
+.IR n .
+.PP
+With no arguments,
+.I ascii
+prints a table of the character set in the specified base.
+Characters of
+.I text
+are converted to their
+.SM ASCII 
+values, one per line. If, however, the first
+.I text
+argument is a valid number in the specified base, conversion
+goes the opposite way.
+Control characters are printed as two- or three-character mnemonics.
+Other options are:
+.TP
+.B -n
+Force numeric output.
+.TP
+.B -c
+Force character output.
+.TP
+.B -t
+Convert from numbers to running text; do not interpret
+control characters or insert newlines.
+.PP
+.I Unicode
+is similar; it converts between
+.SM UTF
+and character values from the Unicode Standard (see
+.IR utf (6)).
+If given a range of hexadecimal numbers,
+.I unicode
+prints a table of the specified Unicode characters \(em their values and
+.SM UTF
+representations.
+Otherwise it translates from
+.SM UTF
+to numeric value or vice versa,
+depending on the appearance of the supplied text;
+the
+.B -n
+option forces numeric output to avoid ambiguity with numeric characters.
+If converting to
+.SM UTF ,
+the characters are printed one per line unless the
+.B -t
+flag is set, in which case the output is a single string
+containing only the specified characters.
+Unlike
+.IR ascii ,
+.I unicode
+treats no characters specially.
+.PP
+The output of
+.I ascii
+and
+.I unicode
+may be unhelpful if the characters printed are not available in the current font.
+.PP
+The file
+.B /lib/unicode
+contains a
+table of characters and descriptions, sorted in hexadecimal order,
+suitable for
+.IR look (1)
+on the lower case
+.I hex
+values of characters.
+.SH EXAMPLES
+.TP
+.B "ascii -d"
+Print the
+.SM ASCII 
+table base 10.
+.TP
+.B "unicode p"
+Print the hex value of `p'.
+.TP
+.B "unicode 2200-22f1"
+Print a table of miscellaneous mathematical symbols.
+.TP
+.B "look 039 /lib/unicode"
+See the start of the Greek alphabet's encoding in the Unicode Standard.
+.SH FILES
+.TF /lib/unicode
+.TP
+.B /lib/unicode
+table of characters and descriptions.
+.SH SOURCE
+.B /sys/src/cmd/ascii.c
+.br
+.B /sys/src/cmd/unicode.c
+.SH "SEE ALSO"
+.IR look (1)
+.IR tcs (1),
+.IR utf (6),
+.IR font (6)
diff --git a/man/man1/basename.1 b/man/man1/basename.1
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c72638f1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/man1/basename.1
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+.TH BASENAME 1 
+.SH NAME
+basename \- strip file name affixes
+.SH SYNOPSIS
+.B basename
+[
+.B -d
+]
+.I string
+[
+.I suffix
+]
+.SH DESCRIPTION
+.PP
+.I Basename
+deletes any prefix ending in slash
+.RB ( / )
+and the
+.IR suffix ,
+if present in
+.IR string ,
+from
+.IR string ,
+and prints the result on the standard output.
+.PP
+The
+.B -d
+option instead prints the directory component,
+that is,
+.I string
+up to but not including the final slash.
+If the string contains no slash,
+a period and newline are printed.
+.SH SOURCE
+.B /sys/src/cmd/basename.c
diff --git a/man/man1/cal.1 b/man/man1/cal.1
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..7ac5b996
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/man1/cal.1
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+.TH CAL 1
+.SH NAME
+cal \- print calendar
+.SH SYNOPSIS
+.B cal
+[
+.I month
+]
+[
+.I year
+]
+.SH DESCRIPTION
+.I Cal
+prints a calendar.
+.I Month
+is either a number from 1 to 12,
+a lower case month name,
+or a lower case three-letter prefix of a month name.
+.I Year
+can be between 1
+and 9999.
+If either
+.I month
+or
+.I year
+is omitted, the current month or year is used.
+If only one argument is given, and it is a number larger than 12,
+a calendar for all twelve months of the given year is produced;
+otherwise a calendar for just one month is printed.
+The calendar
+produced is that for England and her colonies.
+.PP
+Try
+.EX
+	cal sep 1752
+.EE
+.SH SOURCE
+.B /sys/src/cmd/cal.c
+.SH BUGS
+The year is always considered to start in January even though this
+is historically naive.
+.br
+Beware that
+.L "cal 90"
+refers to the early Christian era,
+not the 20th century.
diff --git a/man/man1/calendar.1 b/man/man1/calendar.1
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e6832d3c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/man1/calendar.1
@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+.TH CALENDAR 1
+.SH NAME
+calendar \- print upcoming events
+.SH SYNOPSIS
+.B calendar
+[
+.B \-y
+]
+[
+.B \-p days
+]
+[
+.I file ...
+]
+.SH DESCRIPTION
+.I Calendar
+reads the named files, default
+.BR /usr/$user/lib/calendar ,
+and writes to standard output any lines
+containing today's or tomorrow's date.
+Examples of recognized date formats are 
+"4/11",
+"April 11",
+"Apr 11",
+"11 April",
+and
+"11 Apr".
+All comparisons are case insensitive.
+.PP
+If the
+.B \-y
+flag is given, an attempt is made to match on year too.  In this case,
+dates of the forms listed above will be accepted if they are followed
+by the current year (or last two digits thereof) or not a year —
+digits not followed by white space or non-digits.
+.PP
+If the
+.B \-p
+flag is given, its argument is the number of days ahead to match
+dates.  This flag is not repeatable, and it performs no special
+processing at the end of the week.
+.PP
+On Friday and Saturday, events through Monday are printed.
+.PP
+To have your calendar mailed to you every day, use
+.IR cron (8).
+.SH FILES
+.TF /usr/$user/lib/calendar
+.TP
+.B /usr/$user/lib/calendar
+personal calendar
+.SH SOURCE
+.B /sys/src/cmd/calendar.c
diff --git a/man/man1/cat.1 b/man/man1/cat.1
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..eeb43bcc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/man1/cat.1
@@ -0,0 +1,86 @@
+.TH CAT 1
+.SH NAME
+cat, read \- catenate files
+.SH SYNOPSIS
+.B cat
+[
+.I file ...
+]
+.br
+.B read
+[
+.B -m
+] [
+.B -n
+.I nline
+] [
+.I file ...
+]
+.SH DESCRIPTION
+.I Cat
+reads each
+.I file
+in sequence and writes it on the standard output.
+Thus
+.IP
+.L
+cat file
+.LP
+prints a file and
+.IP
+.L
+cat file1 file2 >file3
+.LP
+concatenates the first two files and places the result
+on the third.
+.PP
+If no
+.I file
+is given,
+.I cat 
+reads from the standard input.
+Output is buffered in blocks matching the input.
+.PP
+.I Read
+copies to standard output exactly one line from the named
+.IR file ,
+default standard input.
+It is useful in interactive
+.IR rc (1)
+scripts.
+.PP
+The
+.B -m
+flag causes it to continue reading and writing multiple lines until end of file;
+.B -n
+causes it to read no more than
+.I nline
+lines.
+.PP
+Read always executes a single
+.B write
+for each line of input, which can be helpful when
+preparing input to programs that expect line-at-a-time data.
+It never reads any more data from the input than it prints to the output.
+.SH SOURCE
+.B /sys/src/cmd/cat.c
+.br
+.B /sys/src/cmd/read.c
+.SH SEE ALSO
+.IR cp (1)
+.SH DIAGNOSTICS
+.I Read
+exits with status
+.B eof
+on end of file or, in the
+.B -n
+case, if it doesn't read
+.I nlines
+lines.
+.SH BUGS
+Beware of
+.L "cat a b >a"
+and
+.LR "cat a b >b" ,
+which
+destroy input files before reading them.
diff --git a/man/man1/cleanname.1 b/man/man1/cleanname.1
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..41c06c00
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/man1/cleanname.1
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+.TH CLEANNAME 1
+.SH NAME
+cleanname \- clean a path name
+.SH SYNOPSIS
+.B cleanname
+[
+.B -d 
+.I pwd
+]
+.I names ...
+.SH DESCRIPTION
+For each file name argument, 
+.IR cleanname ,
+by lexical processing only, 
+prints the shortest equivalent string that names the same
+(possibly hypothetical) file.
+It eliminates multiple and trailing slashes, and it lexically
+interprets
+.B .
+and
+.B ..
+directory components in the name.
+If the 
+.B -d
+option is present,
+unrooted names are prefixed with
+.IB pwd /
+before processing.
+.SH SOURCE
+.B /sys/src/cmd/cleanname.c
+.SH SEE ALSO
+.IR cleanname (2).
diff --git a/man/man1/cmp.1 b/man/man1/cmp.1
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e48d0766
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/man1/cmp.1
@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+.TH CMP 1 
+.SH NAME
+cmp \- compare two files
+.SH SYNOPSIS
+.B cmp
+[
+.B -lsL
+]
+.I file1 file2
+[
+.I offset1
+[
+.I offset2
+]
+]
+.SH DESCRIPTION
+The two files are
+compared.
+A diagnostic results if the contents differ, otherwise
+there is no output.
+.PP
+The options are:
+.TP
+.B l
+Print the byte number (decimal) and the
+differing bytes (hexadecimal) for each difference.
+.TP
+.B s
+Print nothing for differing files,
+but set the exit status.
+.TP
+.B L
+Print the line number of the first differing byte.
+.PP
+If offsets are given,
+comparison starts at the designated byte position
+of the corresponding file.
+Offsets that begin with
+.B 0x
+are hexadecimal;
+with
+.BR 0 ,
+octal; with anything else, decimal.
+.SH SOURCE
+.B /sys/src/cmd/cmp.c
+.SH "SEE ALSO"
+.IR diff (1) 
+.SH DIAGNOSTICS
+If a file is inaccessible or missing, the exit status is
+.LR open .
+If the files are the same, the exit status is empty (true).
+If they are the same except that one is longer than the other, the exit status is
+.LR EOF .
+Otherwise
+.I cmp
+reports the position of the first disagreeing byte and the exit status is
+.LR differ .
diff --git a/man/man1/comm.1 b/man/man1/comm.1
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..2fd883c0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/man1/comm.1
@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+.TH COMM 1 
+.CT 1 files
+.SH NAME
+comm \- select or reject lines common to two sorted files
+.SH SYNOPSIS
+.B comm
+[
+.B -123
+]
+.I file1 file2
+.SH DESCRIPTION
+.I Comm
+reads
+.I file1
+and
+.IR file2 ,
+which are in lexicographical order,
+and produces a three column output: lines only in
+.IR file1 ;
+lines only in
+.IR file2 ;
+and lines in both files.
+The file name
+.L -
+means the standard input.
+.PP
+Flag
+.LR 1 ,
+.LR 2 ,
+or
+.LR 3
+suppresses printing of the corresponding
+column.
+.SH EXAMPLE
+.TP
+.EX
+comm -12 file1 file2
+.EE
+.IP
+Print lines common to two sorted files.
+.SH SOURCE
+.B /sys/src/cmd/comm.c
+.SH "SEE ALSO"
+.IR sort (1),
+.IR cmp (1), 
+.IR diff (1), 
+.IR uniq (1)
diff --git a/man/man1/date.1 b/man/man1/date.1
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..3d232baa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/man1/date.1
@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+.TH DATE 1
+.SH NAME
+date, clock \- date and time
+.SH SYNOPSIS
+.B date
+[
+.I option
+] [
+.I seconds
+]
+.br
+.B clock
+.SH DESCRIPTION
+Print the date, in the format
+.PP
+.B
+	Tue Aug 16 17:03:52 CDT 1977
+.PP
+The options are
+.TP
+.B -u
+Report Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) rather than local time.
+.TP
+.B -n
+Report the date as the number of seconds since the
+epoch, 00:00:00 GMT, January 1, 1970.
+.PP
+The conversion from Greenwich Mean Time to local time depends on the
+.B $timezone
+environment variable; see
+.IR ctime (2).
+.PP
+If the optional argument
+.I seconds
+is present, it is used as the time to convert rather than
+the real time.
+.SH FILES
+.TF /adm/timezone/local
+.TP
+.B /env/timezone
+Current timezone name and adjustments.
+.TP
+.B /adm/timezone
+A directory containing timezone tables.
+.TP
+.B /adm/timezone/local
+Default timezone file, copied by
+.IR init (8)
+into
+.BR /env/timezone .
+.PD
+.PP
+.I Clock
+draws a simple analog clock in its window.
+.SH SOURCE
+.B /sys/src/cmd/date.c
+.br
+.B /sys/src/cmd/clock.c
diff --git a/man/man1/dc.1 b/man/man1/dc.1
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0f2c13a5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/man1/dc.1
@@ -0,0 +1,257 @@
+.TH DC 1
+.SH NAME
+dc \- desk calculator
+.SH SYNOPSIS
+.B dc
+[
+.I file
+]
+.SH DESCRIPTION
+.I Dc
+is an arbitrary precision desk calculator.
+Ordinarily it operates on decimal integers,
+but one may specify an input base, output base,
+and a number of fractional digits to be maintained.
+The overall structure of
+.I dc
+is
+a stacking (reverse Polish) calculator.
+If an argument is given,
+input is taken from that file until its end,
+then from the standard input.
+The following constructions are recognized:
+.TP
+number
+The value of the number is pushed on the stack.
+A number is an unbroken string of the digits 
+.B 0-9A-F 
+or
+.BR 0-9a-f .
+A hexadecimal number beginning with a lower case
+letter must be preceded by a zero to distinguish it
+from the command associated with the letter.
+It may be preceded by an underscore
+.B _
+to input a
+negative number.
+Numbers may contain decimal points.
+.TP
+.L
++  - /  *  %  ^
+Add
+.LR + ,
+subtract
+.LR - ,
+multiply
+.LR * ,
+divide
+.LR / ,
+remainder
+.LR % ,
+or exponentiate
+.L ^
+the top two values on the stack.
+The two entries are popped off the stack;
+the result is pushed on the stack in their place.
+Any fractional part of an exponent is ignored.
+.TP
+.BI s x
+.br
+.ns
+.TP
+.BI S x
+Pop the top of the stack and store into
+a register named
+.IR x ,
+where
+.I x
+may be any character.
+Under operation
+.B S
+register
+.I x
+is treated as a stack and the value is pushed on it.
+.TP
+.BI l x
+.br
+.ns
+.TP
+.BI L x
+Push the value in register
+.I x
+onto the stack.
+The register
+.I x
+is not altered.
+All registers start with zero value.
+Under operation
+.B L
+register
+.I x
+is treated as a stack and its top value is popped onto the main stack.
+.TP
+.B  d
+Duplicate the
+top value on the stack.
+.TP
+.B  p
+Print the top value on the stack.
+The top value remains unchanged.
+.B P
+interprets the top of the stack as an
+text
+string,
+removes it, and prints it.
+.TP
+.B  f
+Print the values on the stack.
+.TP
+.B  q
+.br
+.ns
+.TP
+.B Q
+Exit the program.
+If executing a string, the recursion level is
+popped by two.
+Under operation
+.B Q
+the top value on the stack is popped and the string execution level is popped
+by that value.
+.TP
+.B  x
+Treat the top element of the stack as a character string
+and execute it as a string of
+.I dc
+commands.
+.TP
+.B  X
+Replace the number on the top of the stack with its scale factor.
+.TP
+.B "[ ... ]"
+Put the bracketed
+text
+string on the top of the stack.
+.TP
+.PD0
+.BI < x
+.TP
+.BI > x
+.TP
+.BI = x
+.PD
+Pop and compare the
+top two elements of the stack.
+Register
+.I x
+is executed if they obey the stated
+relation.
+.TP
+.B  v
+Replace the top element on the stack by its square root.
+Any existing fractional part of the argument is taken
+into account, but otherwise the scale factor is ignored.
+.TP
+.B  !
+Interpret the rest of the line as a shell command.
+.TP
+.B  c
+Clear the stack.
+.TP
+.B  i
+The top value on the stack is popped and used as the
+number base for further input.
+.TP
+.B I
+Push the input base on the top of the stack.
+.TP
+.B  o
+The top value on the stack is popped and used as the
+number base for further output.
+In bases larger than 10, each `digit' prints as a group of decimal digits.
+.TP
+.B O
+Push the output base on the top of the stack.
+.TP
+.B  k
+Pop the top of the stack, and use that value as
+a non-negative scale factor:
+the appropriate number of places
+are printed on output,
+and maintained during multiplication, division, and exponentiation.
+The interaction of scale factor,
+input base, and output base will be reasonable if all are changed
+together.
+.TP
+.B  z
+Push the stack level onto the stack.
+.TP
+.B  Z
+Replace the number on the top of the stack with its length.
+.TP
+.B  ?
+A line of input is taken from the input source (usually the terminal)
+and executed.
+.TP
+.B "; :"
+Used by 
+.I bc
+for array operations.
+.PP
+The scale factor set by
+.B k
+determines how many digits are kept to the right of
+the decimal point.
+If
+.I s
+is the current scale factor,
+.I sa
+is the scale of the first operand,
+.I sb
+is the scale of the second,
+and
+.I b
+is the (integer) second operand,
+results are truncated to the following scales.
+.IP
+.nf
+\fL+\fR,\fL-\fR	max(\fIsa,sb\fR)
+\fL*\fR	min(\fIsa\fR+\fIsb \fR, max\fR(\fIs,sa,sb\fR))
+\fL/\fI	s
+\fL%\fR	so that dividend = divisor*quotient + remainder; remainder has sign of dividend
+\fL^\fR	min(\fIsa\fR\(mu|\fIb\fR|, max(\fIs,sa\fR))
+\fLv\fR	max(\fIs,sa\fR)
+.fi
+.SH EXAMPLES
+.EX
+[la1+dsa*pla10>y]sy
+0sa1
+lyx
+.EE
+.ns
+.IP
+Print the first ten values of
+.IR n !
+.SH SOURCE
+.B /sys/src/cmd/dc.c
+.SH "SEE ALSO"
+.IR bc (1),
+.IR hoc (1)
+.SH DIAGNOSTICS
+.I x
+.LR "is unimplemented" ,
+where
+.I x
+is an octal number: an internal error.
+.br
+`Out of headers'
+for too many numbers being kept around.
+.br
+`Nesting depth'
+for too many levels of nested execution.
+.SH BUGS
+When the input base exceeds 16,
+there is no notation for digits greater than
+.BR F .
+.PP
+Past its time.
diff --git a/man/man1/deroff.1 b/man/man1/deroff.1
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f62b174d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/man1/deroff.1
@@ -0,0 +1,117 @@
+.TH DEROFF 1 
+.SH NAME
+deroff, delatex \- remove formatting requests
+.SH SYNOPSIS
+.B deroff
+[
+.I option ...
+]
+.I file ...
+.PP
+.B delatex
+.I file
+.SH DESCRIPTION
+.I Deroff
+reads each file in sequence
+and removes all
+.I nroff
+and
+.IR troff (1)
+requests and non-text arguments, backslash constructions,
+and constructs of preprocessors such as
+.IR eqn (1),
+.IR pic (1),
+and
+.IR tbl (1).
+Remaining text is written on the standard output.
+.I Deroff
+follows files included by
+.L .so
+and
+.L .nx
+commands;
+if a file has already been included, a
+.L .so
+for that file is ignored and a
+.L .nx
+terminates execution.
+If no input file is given,
+.I deroff
+reads from standard input.
+.PP
+The options are
+.TP
+.B -w
+Output a word list, one `word' (string of letters, digits, and
+properly embedded ampersands and apostrophes,
+beginning with a letter) per line.
+Other characters are skipped.
+Otherwise, the output follows the original, with the deletions mentioned above.
+.TP
+.B -_
+Like
+.BR -w ,
+but consider underscores to be alphanumeric rather than punctuation.
+.TP
+.B -i
+Ignore
+.L .so
+and
+.L .nx
+requests.
+.TP
+.BR -ms
+.PD0
+.TP
+.B -mm
+Remove titles, attachments, etc., as well as ordinary 
+.IR troff
+constructs, from
+.IR ms (6)
+or
+.I mm
+documents.
+.PD
+.TP
+.B -ml
+Same as
+.BR -mm ,
+but remove lists as well.
+.PP
+.I Delatex
+does for
+.I tex
+and
+.I latex
+(see
+.IR tex (1))
+files what
+.B deroff -wi
+does for
+.I troff
+files.
+.SH SOURCE
+.B /sys/src/cmd/deroff.c
+.br
+.B /sys/src/cmd/tex/local/delatex.c
+.SH "SEE ALSO"
+.IR troff (1), 
+.IR tex (1),
+.IR spell (1)
+.SH BUGS
+These filters are not complete interpreters of
+.I troff
+or
+.IR tex .
+For example, macro definitions containing
+.L \e$
+cause chaos in
+.IR deroff
+when the popular
+.L $$
+delimiters for
+.I eqn
+are in effect. 
+.br
+Text inside macros is emitted at place of
+definition, not place of call.
diff --git a/man/man1/dict.1 b/man/man1/dict.1
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..5fc47634
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/man1/dict.1
@@ -0,0 +1,163 @@
+.TH DICT 7
+.SH NAME
+dict \- dictionary browser
+.SH SYNOPSIS
+.B dict
+[
+.B -k
+]
+[
+.B -d
+.I dictname
+]
+[
+.B -c
+.I command
+]
+[
+.I pattern
+]
+.SH DESCRIPTION
+.I Dict
+is a dictionary browser.
+If a
+.I pattern
+is given on the command line,
+.I dict
+prints all matching entries;
+otherwise it repeatedly accepts and executes commands.
+The options are
+.TF -d\ \fIdictname\fP
+.TP
+.BI -d " dictname"
+Use the given dictionary.
+The default is
+.BR oed ,
+the second edition of the Oxford English Dictionary.
+A list of available dictionaries is printed by option
+.BR -d? .
+.TP
+.BI -c " command"
+Execute one command and quit.
+The command syntax is described below.
+.TP
+.B -k
+Print a pronunciation key.
+.PD
+.PP
+Patterns are regular expressions (see
+.IR regexp (6)),
+with an implicit leading
+.L ^
+and trailing
+.LR $ .
+Patterns are matched against an index of headwords and variants,
+to form a `match set'.
+By default, both patterns and the index are folded:
+upper case characters are mapped into their lower case equivalents,
+and Latin accented characters are mapped into their non-accented
+equivalents.
+In interactive mode, there is always a `current match set'
+and a `current entry' within the match set.
+Commands can change either or both, as well as print the entries
+or information about them.
+.PP
+Commands have an address followed by a command letter.
+Addresses have the form:
+.TF /\fIre\fP/.\fIn\fP
+.TP
+.BI / re /
+Set the match set to all entries matching the regular expression
+.IR re ,
+sorted in dictionary order.
+Set the current entry to the first of the match set.
+.TP
+.BI ! re !
+Like
+.BI / re /
+but use exact matching, i.e., without case and accent folding.
+.TP
+.I n
+An integer
+.I n
+means change the current entry to the
+.IR n th
+of the current match set.
+.TP
+.BI # n
+The integer
+.I n
+is an absolute byte offset into the raw dictionary.
+(See the
+.B A
+command, below.)
+.TP
+.IB addr +
+After setting the match set and current entry according to
+.IR addr ,
+change the match set and current entry to be the next entry
+in the dictionary (not necessarily in the match set) after
+the current entry.
+.TP
+.IB addr -
+Like
+.IB addr +
+but go to previous dictionary entry.
+.PD
+.PP
+The command letters come in pairs: a lower case and the
+corresponding upper case letter.
+The lower case version prints something about the current
+entry only, and advances the current entry to the next
+in the match set (wrapping around to the beginning after
+the last).
+The upper case version prints something about all of the
+match set and resets the current entry to the beginning of
+the set.
+.TF \fLa,A\fP
+.TP
+.BR p , P
+Print the whole entry.
+.TP
+.BR h , H
+Print only the headword(s) of the entry.
+.TP
+.BR a , A
+Print the dictionary byte offset of the entry.
+.TP
+.BR r , R
+Print the whole entry in raw format (without translating
+special characters, etc.).
+.PD
+.PP
+If no command letter is given for the first command,
+.B H
+is assumed.
+After an
+.BR H ,
+the default command is
+.BR p .
+Otherwise, the default command is the previous command.
+.SH FILES
+.B /lib/dict/oed2
+.br
+.B /lib/dict/oed2index
+.br
+Other files in
+.BR /lib .
+.SH "SEE ALSO"
+.IR regexp (6)
+.SH SOURCE
+.B /sys/src/cmd/dict
+.SH BUGS
+A font with wide coverage of the Unicode Standard
+should be used for best results.
+(Try
+.BR /lib/font/bit/pelm/unicode.9.font .)
+.br
+If the
+.I pattern
+doesn't begin with
+a few literal characters, matching takes a long time.
+.br
+The dictionaries are not distributed outside Bell Labs.
diff --git a/man/man1/diff.1 b/man/man1/diff.1
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..404c74f0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/man1/diff.1
@@ -0,0 +1,155 @@
+.TH DIFF 1 
+.SH NAME
+diff \- differential file comparator
+.SH SYNOPSIS
+.B diff
+[
+.B -efmnbwr
+] file1 ... file2
+.SH DESCRIPTION
+.I Diff
+tells what lines must be changed in two files to bring them
+into agreement.
+If one file
+is a directory,
+then a file in that directory with basename the same as that of
+the other file is used.
+If both files are directories, similarly named files in the
+two directories are compared by the method of 
+.I diff
+for text
+files and
+.IR cmp (1)
+otherwise.
+If more than two file names are given, then each argument is compared
+to the last argument as above.
+The 
+.B -r
+option causes
+.I diff
+to process similarly named subdirectories recursively.
+When processing more than one file, 
+.I diff
+prefixes file differences with a single line
+listing the two differing files, in the form of
+a 
+.I diff
+command line.
+The
+.B -m
+flag causes this behavior even when processing single files.
+.PP
+The normal output contains lines of these forms:
+.IP "" 5
+.I n1
+.B a
+.I n3,n4
+.br
+.I n1,n2
+.B d
+.I n3
+.br
+.I n1,n2
+.B c
+.I n3,n4
+.PP
+These lines resemble
+.I ed
+commands to convert
+.I file1
+into
+.IR file2 .
+The numbers after the letters pertain to
+.IR file2 .
+In fact, by exchanging `a' for `d' and reading backward
+one may ascertain equally how to convert 
+.I file2
+into
+.IR file1 .
+As in 
+.IR ed ,
+identical pairs where
+.I n1
+=
+.I n2
+or
+.I n3
+=
+.I n4
+are abbreviated as a single number.
+.PP
+Following each of these lines come all the lines that are
+affected in the first file flagged by `<', 
+then all the lines that are affected in the second file
+flagged by `>'.
+.PP
+The
+.B -b
+option causes
+trailing blanks (spaces and tabs) to be ignored
+and other strings of blanks to compare equal.
+The
+.B -w
+option causes all white-space to be removed from input lines
+before applying the difference algorithm.
+.PP
+The
+.B -n
+option prefixes each range with 
+.IB file : \fR
+and inserts a space around the 
+.BR a ,
+.BR c ,
+and
+.B d
+verbs.
+The
+.B -e
+option produces a script of
+.I "a, c"
+and 
+.I d
+commands for the editor
+.IR ed ,
+which will recreate
+.I file2
+from
+.IR file1 .
+The
+.B -f
+option produces a similar script,
+not useful with
+.IR ed ,
+in the opposite order. It may, however, be
+useful as input to a stream-oriented post-processor.
+.PP
+Except in rare circumstances,
+.I diff
+finds a smallest sufficient set of file
+differences.
+.SH FILES
+.B /tmp/diff[12]
+.SH SOURCE
+.B /sys/src/cmd/diff
+.SH "SEE ALSO"
+.IR cmp (1),
+.IR comm (1),
+.IR ed (1)
+.SH DIAGNOSTICS
+Exit status is the empty string
+for no differences,
+.L some
+for some, 
+and
+.L error
+for trouble.
+.SH BUGS
+Editing scripts produced under the
+.BR -e " or"
+.BR -f " option are naive about"
+creating lines consisting of a single `\fB.\fR'.
+.br
+When running
+.I diff
+on directories, the notion of what is a text
+file is open to debate.
diff --git a/man/man1/echo.1 b/man/man1/echo.1
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..86e6cd39
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/man1/echo.1
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+.TH ECHO 1 
+.SH NAME
+echo \- print arguments
+.SH SYNOPSIS
+.B echo
+[
+.B -n
+]
+[
+.I arg ...
+]
+.SH DESCRIPTION
+.I Echo
+writes its arguments separated by blanks and terminated by
+a newline on the standard output.
+Option
+.B -n
+suppresses the newline.
+.SH SOURCE
+.B /sys/src/cmd/echo.c
+.SH DIAGNOSTICS
+If
+.I echo
+draws an error while writing to standard output, the exit status is
+.LR "write error" .
+Otherwise the exit status is empty.
diff --git a/man/man1/ed.1 b/man/man1/ed.1
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..adb79fb7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/man1/ed.1
@@ -0,0 +1,683 @@
+.TH ED 1
+.SH NAME
+ed \- text editor
+.SH SYNOPSIS
+.B ed
+[
+.B -
+]
+[
+.B -o
+]
+[
+.I file
+]
+.SH DESCRIPTION
+.I Ed
+is a venerable text editor.
+.PP
+If a
+.I file
+argument is given,
+.I ed
+simulates an
+.L e
+command (see below) on that file:
+it is read into
+.I ed's
+buffer so that it can be edited.
+The options are
+.TP
+.B -
+Suppress the printing
+of character counts by
+.LR e ,
+.LR r ,
+and
+.L w
+commands and of the confirming 
+.L !
+by
+.L !
+commands.
+.TP
+.B -o
+(for output piping)
+Write all output to the standard error file except writing by
+.L w
+commands.
+If no 
+.I file
+is given, make
+.B /fd/1
+the remembered file; see the
+.L e
+command below.
+.PP
+.I Ed
+operates on a `buffer', a copy of the file it is editing;
+changes made
+in the buffer have no effect on the file until a
+.L w
+(write)
+command is given.
+The copy of the text being edited resides
+in a temporary file called the 
+.IR buffer .
+.PP
+Commands to
+.I ed
+have a simple and regular structure: zero, one, or
+two
+.I addresses
+followed by a single character
+.IR command ,
+possibly
+followed by parameters to the command.
+These addresses specify one or more lines in the buffer.
+Missing addresses are supplied by default.
+.PP
+In general, only one command may appear on a line.
+Certain commands allow the 
+addition of text to the buffer.
+While
+.I ed
+is accepting text, it is said
+to be in
+.I  "input mode."
+In this mode, no commands are recognized;
+all input is merely collected.
+Input mode is left by typing a period 
+.L .
+alone at the
+beginning of a line.
+.PP
+.I Ed
+supports the 
+.I "regular expression"
+notation described in
+.IR regexp (6).
+Regular expressions are used in addresses to specify
+lines and in one command
+(see
+.I s
+below)
+to specify a portion of a line which is to be replaced.
+If it is desired to use one of
+the regular expression metacharacters as an ordinary
+character, that character may be preceded by
+.RB ` \e '.
+This also applies to the character bounding the regular
+expression (often 
+.LR / )
+and to
+.L \e
+itself.
+.PP
+To understand addressing in
+.I ed
+it is necessary to know that at any time there is a
+.I "current line."
+Generally, the current line is
+the last line affected by a command; however,
+the exact effect on the current line
+is discussed under the description of
+each command.
+Addresses are constructed as follows.
+.TP
+1.
+The character
+.LR . ,
+customarily called `dot',
+addresses the current line.
+.TP
+2.
+The character 
+.L $
+addresses the last line of the buffer.
+.TP
+3.
+A decimal number
+.I n
+addresses the
+.IR n -th
+line of the buffer.
+.TP
+4.
+.BI \'x
+addresses the line marked with the name
+.IR x ,
+which must be a lower-case letter.
+Lines are marked with the
+.L k
+command.
+.TP
+5.
+A regular expression enclosed in slashes (
+.LR / )
+addresses
+the line found by searching forward from the current line
+and stopping at the first line containing a
+string that matches the regular expression.
+If necessary the search wraps around to the beginning of the
+buffer.
+.TP
+6.
+A regular expression enclosed in queries 
+.L ?
+addresses
+the line found by searching backward from the current line
+and stopping at the first line containing
+a string that matches the regular expression.
+If necessary
+the search wraps around to the end of the buffer.
+.TP
+7.
+An address followed by a plus sign 
+.L +
+or a minus sign
+.L -
+followed by a decimal number specifies that address plus
+(resp. minus) the indicated number of lines.
+The plus sign may be omitted.
+.TP
+8.
+An address followed by 
+.L +
+(or
+.LR - )
+followed by a
+regular expression enclosed in slashes specifies the first
+matching line following (or preceding) that address.
+The search wraps around if necessary.
+The 
+.L +
+may be omitted, so
+.L 0/x/
+addresses the
+.I first
+line in the buffer with an 
+.LR x .
+Enclosing the regular expression in 
+.L ?
+reverses the search direction.
+.TP
+9.
+If an address begins with 
+.L +
+or
+.L -
+the addition or subtraction is taken with respect to the current line;
+e.g.\&
+.L -5
+is understood to mean
+.LR .-5 .
+.TP
+10.
+If an address ends with 
+.L +
+or
+.LR - ,
+then 1 is added (resp. subtracted).
+As a consequence of this rule and rule 9,
+the address
+.L -
+refers to the line before the current line.
+Moreover,
+trailing
+.L +
+and
+.L -
+characters
+have cumulative effect, so
+.L --
+refers to the current
+line less 2.
+.TP
+11.
+To maintain compatibility with earlier versions of the editor,
+the character 
+.L ^
+in addresses is 
+equivalent to
+.LR - .
+.PP
+Commands may require zero, one, or two addresses.
+Commands which require no addresses regard the presence
+of an address as an error.
+Commands which accept one or two addresses
+assume default addresses when insufficient are given.
+If more addresses are given than a command requires,
+the last one or two (depending on what is accepted) are used.
+.PP
+Addresses are separated from each other typically by a comma
+.LR , .
+They may also be separated by a semicolon
+.LR ; .
+In this case the current line 
+is set to
+the previous address before the next address is interpreted.
+If no address precedes a comma or semicolon, line 1 is assumed;
+if no address follows, the last line of the buffer is assumed.
+The second address of any two-address sequence
+must correspond to a line following the line corresponding to the first address.
+.PP
+In the following list of
+.I ed
+commands, the default addresses
+are shown in parentheses.
+The parentheses are not part of
+the address, but are used to show that the given addresses are
+the default.
+`Dot' means the current line.
+.TP
+.RB (\|\fL.\fP\|) \|a
+.br
+.ns
+.TP
+<text>
+.br
+.ns
+.TP
+.B .
+Read the given text
+and append it after the addressed line.
+Dot is left
+on the last line input, if there
+were any, otherwise at the addressed line.
+Address 
+.L 0
+is legal for this command; text is placed
+at the beginning of the buffer.
+.TP
+.RB (\|\fL.,.\fP\|) \|b [ +- ][\fIpagesize\fP][ pln\fR]
+Browse.
+Print a `page', normally 20 lines.
+The optional 
+.L +
+(default) or
+.L -
+specifies whether the next or previous
+page is to be printed.
+The optional
+.I pagesize
+is the number of lines in a page.
+The optional
+.LR p ,
+.LR n ,
+or 
+.L l
+causes printing in the specified format, initially
+.LR p .
+Pagesize and format are remembered between 
+.L b
+commands.
+Dot is left at the last line displayed.
+.TP
+.RB (\|\fL.,.\fP\|) \|c
+.br
+.ns
+.TP
+<text>
+.br
+.ns
+.TP
+.B .
+Change.
+Delete the addressed lines, then accept input
+text to replace these lines.
+Dot is left at the last line input; if there were none,
+it is left at the line preceding the deleted lines.
+.TP
+.RB (\|\fL.,.\fP\|) \|d
+Delete the addressed lines from the buffer.
+Dot is set to the line following the last line deleted, or to
+the last line of the buffer if the deleted lines had no successor.
+.TP
+.BI e " filename"
+Edit.
+Delete the entire contents of the buffer;
+then read the named file into the buffer.
+Dot is set to the last line of the buffer.
+The number of characters read is typed.
+The file name is remembered for possible use in later
+.LR e ,
+.LR r ,
+or
+.L w
+commands.
+If
+.I filename
+is missing, the remembered name is used.
+.TP
+.BI E " filename"
+Unconditional
+.LR e ;
+see
+.RL ` q '
+below.
+.TP
+.BI f " filename"
+Print the currently remembered file name.
+If
+.I filename
+is given,
+the currently remembered file name is first changed to
+.IR filename .
+.TP
+.RB (\|\fL1,$\fP\|) \|g/\fIregular\ expression\fP/\fIcommand\ list\fP
+.PD 0
+.TP
+.RB (\|\fL1,$\fP\|) \|g/\fIregular\ expression\fP/
+.TP
+.RB (\|\fL1,$\fP\|) \|g/\fIregular\ expression\fP
+.PD
+Global.
+First mark every line which matches
+the given
+.IR regular expression .
+Then for every such line, execute the
+.I command list
+with dot initially set to that line.
+A single command or the first of multiple commands
+appears on the same line with the global command.
+All lines of a multi-line list except the last line must end with
+.LR \e .
+The
+.RB \&` \&. \&'
+terminating input mode for an
+.LR a ,
+.LR i ,
+.L c
+command may be omitted if it would be on the
+last line of the command list.
+The commands
+.L g
+and
+.L v
+are not permitted in the command list.
+Any character other than space or newline may
+be used instead of 
+.L /
+to delimit the regular expression.
+The second and third forms mean
+.BI g/ regular\ expression /p \f1.
+.TP
+.RB (\| .\| ) \|i
+.PD 0
+.TP
+<text>
+.TP
+.B .
+Insert the given text before the addressed line.
+Dot is left at the last line input, or, if there were none,
+at the line before the addressed line.
+This command differs from the
+.I a
+command only in the placement of the
+text.
+.PD
+.TP
+.RB (\| .,.+1 \|) \|j
+Join the addressed lines into a single line;
+intermediate newlines are deleted.
+Dot is left at the resulting line.
+.TP
+.RB (\|\fL.\fP\|) \|k\fIx\fP
+Mark the addressed line with name
+.IR x ,
+which must be a lower-case letter.
+The address form
+.BI \' x
+then addresses this line.
+.ne 2.5
+.TP
+.RB (\|\fL.,.\fP\|) \|l
+List.
+Print the addressed lines in an unambiguous way:
+a tab is printed as
+.LR \et ,
+a backspace as
+.LR \eb ,
+backslashes as
+.LR \e\e ,
+and non-printing characters as
+a backslash, an
+.LR x ,
+and four hexadecimal digits.
+Long lines are folded,
+with the second and subsequent sub-lines indented one tab stop.
+If the last character in the line is a blank,
+it is followed by
+.LR \en .
+An
+.L l
+may be appended, like
+.LR p ,
+to any non-I/O command.
+.TP
+.RB (\|\fL.,.\fP\|) \|m\fIa
+Move.
+Reposition the addressed lines after the line
+addressed by
+.IR a .
+Dot is left at the last moved line.
+.TP
+.RB (\|\fL.,.\fP\|) \|n
+Number.
+Perform
+.LR p ,
+prefixing each line with its line number and a tab.
+An
+.L n
+may be appended, like
+.LR p ,
+to any non-I/O command.
+.TP
+.RB (\|\fL.,.\fP\|) \|p
+Print the addressed lines.
+Dot is left at the last line printed.
+A
+.L p
+appended to any non-I/O command causes the then current line
+to be printed after the command is executed.
+.TP
+.RB (\|\fL.,.\fP\|) \|P
+This command is a synonym for
+.LR p .
+.TP
+.B q
+Quit the editor.
+No automatic write
+of a file is done.
+A
+.L q
+or
+.L e
+command is considered to be in error if the buffer has
+been modified since the last
+.LR w ,
+.LR q ,
+or
+.L e
+command.
+.TP
+.B Q
+Quit unconditionally.
+.TP
+.RB ( $ )\|r\ \fIfilename\fP
+Read in the given file after the addressed line.
+If no
+.I filename
+is given, the remembered file name is used.
+The file name is remembered if there were no
+remembered file name already.
+If the read is successful, the number of characters
+read is printed.
+Dot is left at the last line read from the file.
+.TP
+.RB (\|\fL.,.\fP\|) \|s\fIn\fP/\fIregular\ expression\fP/\fIreplacement\fP/
+.PD 0
+.TP
+.RB (\|\fL.,.\fP\|) \|s\fIn\fP/\fIregular\ expression\fP/\fIreplacement\fP/g
+.TP
+.RB (\|\fL.,.\fP\|) \|s\fIn\fP/\fIregular\ expression\fP/\fIreplacement\fP
+.PD
+Substitute.
+Search each addressed
+line for an occurrence of the specified regular expression.
+On each line in which
+.I n
+matches are found
+.RI ( n
+defaults to 1 if missing),
+the
+.IR n th
+matched string is replaced by the replacement specified.
+If the global replacement indicator 
+.L g
+appears after the command,
+all subsequent matches on the line are also replaced.
+It is an error for the substitution to fail on all addressed lines.
+Any character other than space or newline
+may be used instead of 
+.L /
+to delimit the regular expression
+and the replacement.
+Dot is left at the last line substituted.
+The third form means
+.BI s n / regular\ expression / replacement\fP/p\f1.
+The second
+.L /
+may be omitted if the replacement is
+empty.
+.IP
+An ampersand 
+.L &
+appearing in the replacement
+is replaced by the string matching the regular expression.
+The characters
+.BI \e n\f1,
+where
+.I n
+is a digit,
+are replaced by the text matched by the
+.IR n -th
+regular subexpression
+enclosed between
+.L (
+and
+.LR ) .
+When
+nested parenthesized subexpressions
+are present,
+.I n
+is determined by counting occurrences of
+.L (
+starting from the left.
+.IP
+A literal 
+.LR & ,
+.LR / ,
+.L \e
+or newline may be included in a replacement
+by prefixing it with
+.LR \e .
+.TP
+.RB (\|\fL.,.\fP\|) \|t\|\fIa
+Transfer.
+Copy the addressed lines 
+after the line addressed by
+.IR a .
+Dot is left at the last line of the copy.
+.TP
+.RB (\|\fL.,.\fP\|) \|u
+Undo.
+Restore the preceding contents
+of the first addressed line (sic), which must be the last line
+in which a substitution was made (double sic).
+.TP
+.RB (\|\fL1,$\fP\|) \|v/\fIregular\ expression\fP/\fIcommand\ list\fP
+This command is the same as the global command
+.L g
+except that the command list is executed with
+dot initially set to every line
+.I except
+those
+matching the regular expression.
+.TP
+.RB (\|\fL1,$\fP\|) \|w " \fIfilename\fP"
+Write the addressed lines to
+the given file.
+If the file does not exist,
+it is created with mode 666 (readable and writable by everyone).
+If no
+.I filename
+is given, the remembered file name, if any, is used.
+The file name is remembered if there were no 
+remembered file name already.
+Dot is unchanged.
+If the write is successful, the number of characters written is
+printed.
+.TP
+.RB (\|\fL1,$\fP\|) \|W " \fIfilename\fP"
+Perform
+.LR w ,
+but append to, instead of overwriting, any existing file contents.
+.TP
+.RB ( $ ) \|=
+Print the line number of the addressed line.
+Dot is unchanged.
+.TP
+.BI ! shell\ command
+Send the remainder of the line after the 
+.L !
+to
+.IR rc (1)
+to be interpreted as a command.
+Dot is unchanged.
+.TP
+.RB (\| .+1 )\|<newline>
+An address without a command is taken as a
+.L p 
+command.
+A terminal
+.L /
+may be omitted from the address.
+A blank line alone is equivalent to
+.LR .+1p ;
+it is useful
+for stepping through text.
+.PP
+If an interrupt signal 
+.SM (DEL)
+is sent,
+.I ed
+prints a 
+.L ?
+and returns to its command level.
+.PP
+When reading a file,
+.I ed
+discards
+.SM NUL
+characters
+and all characters after the last newline.
+.SH FILES
+.B /tmp/e*
+.br
+.B ed.hup
+\ \ work is saved here if terminal hangs up
+.SH SOURCE
+.B /sys/src/cmd/ed.c
+.SH "SEE ALSO"
+.IR sam (1), 
+.IR sed (1),
+.IR regexp (6)
+.SH DIAGNOSTICS
+.BI ? name
+for inaccessible file;
+.L ?TMP
+for temporary file overflow;
+.L ?
+for errors in commands or other overflows.
diff --git a/man/man1/factor.1 b/man/man1/factor.1
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..2d9b5a09
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/man1/factor.1
@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+.TH FACTOR 1 
+.CT 1 numbers
+.SH NAME
+factor, primes \- factor a number, generate large primes
+.SH SYNOPSIS
+.B factor
+[
+.I number
+]
+.PP
+.B primes
+[
+.I start
+[
+.I finish
+]
+]
+.SH DESCRIPTION
+.I Factor
+prints
+.I number
+and its prime factors,
+each repeated the proper number of times.
+The number must be positive and less than
+.if n 2**54
+.if t 2\u\s754\s0\d
+(about
+.if n 1.8e16)
+.if t 1.8\(mu10\u\s716\s0\d\|).
+.PP
+If no
+.I number 
+is given,
+.I factor
+reads a stream of numbers from the standard input and factors them.
+It exits on any input not a positive integer.
+Maximum running time is proportional to
+.if n sqrt(n).
+.if t .I \(sr\o'n\(rn'\f1.
+.PP
+.PP
+.I Primes
+prints the prime numbers ranging from
+.I start
+to
+.IR finish ,
+where
+.I start
+and
+.I finish
+are positive numbers less than 
+.if n 2**56.
+.if t 2\u\s756\s0\d.
+If 
+.I finish
+is missing,
+.I primes
+prints without end;
+if
+.I start
+is missing, it reads the starting number from the
+standard input.
+.SH SOURCE
+.B /sys/src/cmd/factor.c
+.br
+.B /sys/src/cmd/primes.c
diff --git a/man/man1/fmt.1 b/man/man1/fmt.1
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..51186001
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/man1/fmt.1
@@ -0,0 +1,90 @@
+.TH FMT 1
+.SH NAME
+fmt, htmlfmt \- simple text formatters
+.SH SYNOPSIS
+.B fmt
+[
+.I option ...
+]
+[
+.I file ...
+]
+.PP
+.B htmlfmt
+[
+.B -a
+] [
+.B -c
+.I charset
+] [
+.B -u
+.I url
+] [
+.I file ...
+]
+.SH DESCRIPTION
+.I Fmt
+copies the given
+.I files
+(standard input by default)
+to its standard output, filling and indenting lines.
+The options are
+.TP
+.BI -l " n
+Output line length is
+.IR n ,
+including indent (default 70).
+.TP
+.BI -w " n
+A synonym for
+.BR -l .
+.TP
+.BI -i " n
+Indent
+.I n
+spaces (default 0).
+.TP
+.BI -j
+Do not join short lines: only fold long lines.
+.PP
+Empty lines and initial white space in input lines are preserved.
+Empty lines are inserted between input files.
+.PP
+.I Fmt
+is idempotent: it leaves already formatted text unchanged.
+.PP
+.I Htmlfmt
+performs a similar service, but accepts as input text formatted with
+HTML tags.
+It accepts
+.IR fmt 's
+.B -l
+and
+.B -w
+flags and also:
+.TP
+.BI -a
+Normally
+.I htmlfmt
+suppresses the contents of form fields and anchors (URLs and image files); this flag
+causes it to print them, in square brackets.
+.TP
+.BI -c " charset
+change the default character set from iso-8859-1 to
+.IR charset .
+This is the character set assumed if there isn't one
+specified by the html itself in a <meta> directive.
+.TP
+.BI -u " url
+Use
+.I url
+as the base URL for the document when displaying anchors; sets
+.BI -a .
+.SH SOURCE
+.B /sys/src/cmd/fmt.c
+.PP
+.B /sys/src/cmd/htmlfmt
+.SH BUGS
+.I Htmlfmt
+makes no attempt to render the two-dimensional geometry of tables;
+it just treats the table entries as plain, to-be-formatted text.
diff --git a/man/man1/fortune.1 b/man/man1/fortune.1
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..dfae7186
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/man1/fortune.1
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+.TH FORTUNE 1
+.SH NAME
+fortune \- sample lines from a file
+.SH SYNOPSIS
+.B fortune
+[
+.I file
+]
+.SH DESCRIPTION
+.I Fortune
+prints a one-line aphorism chosen at random.
+If a
+.I file
+is specified, the saying is taken from that file;
+otherwise it is selected from
+.BR /sys/games/lib/fortunes .
+.SH FILES
+.B /sys/games/lib/fortunes
+.br
+.B /sys/games/lib/fortunes.index
+\ \ fast lookup table, maintained automatically
+.SH SOURCE
+.B /sys/src/cmd/fortune.c
diff --git a/man/man1/freq.1 b/man/man1/freq.1
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..eee4e295
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/man1/freq.1
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+.TH FREQ 1
+.SH NAME
+freq \- print histogram of character frequencies
+.SH SYNOPSIS
+.B freq
+[
+.B -dxocr
+]
+[
+.I file ...
+]
+.SH DESCRIPTION
+.I Freq
+reads the given files (default standard input)
+and prints histograms of the character frequencies.
+By default,
+.I freq
+counts each byte as a character;
+under the
+.B -r
+option it instead counts
+.SM UTF
+sequences, that is, runes.
+.PP
+Each non-zero entry of the table is printed preceded by the byte value,
+in decimal, octal, hex, and
+Unicode
+character (if printable).
+If any options are given, the
+.BR -d ,
+.BR -x ,
+.BR -o ,
+.B -c
+flags specify a subset of value formats: decimal, hex, octal, and
+character, respectively.
+.SH SOURCE
+.B /sys/src/cmd/freq.c
+.SH SEE ALSO
+.IR utf (6),
+.IR wc (1)
diff --git a/man/man1/grep.1 b/man/man1/grep.1
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a266c494
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/man1/grep.1
@@ -0,0 +1,103 @@
+.TH GREP 1
+.SH NAME
+grep \- search a file for a pattern
+.SH SYNOPSIS
+.B grep
+[
+.I option ...
+]
+.I pattern
+[
+.I file ...
+]
+.SH DESCRIPTION
+.I Grep\^
+searches the input
+.I files\^
+(standard input default)
+for lines that match the
+.IR pattern ,
+a regular expression as defined in
+.IR regexp (6)
+with the addition of a newline character as an alternative
+(substitute for
+.BR | )
+with lowest precedence.
+Normally, each line matching the pattern is `selected',
+and each selected line is copied to the standard output.
+The options are
+.TP
+.B -c
+Print only a count of matching lines.
+.PD 0
+.TP
+.B -h
+Do not print file name tags (headers) with output lines.
+.TP
+.B -e
+The following argument is taken as a
+.IR pattern .
+This option makes it easy to specify patterns that
+might confuse argument parsing, such as
+.BR -n .
+.TP
+.B -i
+Ignore alphabetic case distinctions.  The implementation
+folds into lower case all letters in the pattern and input before
+interpretation.  Matched lines are printed in their original form.
+.TP
+.B -l
+(ell) Print the names of files with selected lines; don't print the lines.
+.TP
+.B -L
+Print the names of files with no selected lines;
+the converse of
+.BR -l .
+.TP
+.B -n
+Mark each printed line with its line number counted in its file.
+.TP
+.B -s
+Produce no output, but return status.
+.TP
+.B -v
+Reverse: print lines that do not match the pattern.
+.TP
+.B -f
+The pattern argument is the name of a file containing regular
+expressions one per line.
+.TP
+.B -b
+Don't buffer the output: write each output line as soon as it is discovered.
+.PD
+.PP
+Output lines are tagged by file name when there is more than one
+input file.
+(To force this tagging, include
+.B /dev/null
+as a file name argument.)
+.PP
+Care should be taken when
+using the shell metacharacters
+.B $*[^|()=\e
+and newline
+in
+.IR pattern ;
+it is safest to enclose the
+entire expression
+in single quotes
+.BR \&\|' \|.\|.\|.\| ' .
+An expression starting with '*'
+will treat the rest of the expression
+as literal characters.
+.SH SOURCE
+.B /sys/src/cmd/grep
+.SH SEE ALSO
+.IR ed (1),
+.IR awk (1),
+.IR sed (1),
+.IR sam (1),
+.IR regexp (6)
+.SH DIAGNOSTICS
+Exit status is null if any lines are selected,
+or non-null when no lines are selected or an error occurs.
diff --git a/man/man1/hoc.1 b/man/man1/hoc.1
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..68a42a6a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/man1/hoc.1
@@ -0,0 +1,144 @@
+.TH HOC 1
+.SH NAME
+hoc \- interactive floating point language
+.SH SYNOPSIS
+.B hoc
+[
+.I file ...
+]
+[
+.B -e
+.I expression
+]
+.SH DESCRIPTION
+.I Hoc
+interprets a simple language for floating point arithmetic,
+at about the level of BASIC, with C-like syntax and
+functions.
+.PP
+The named
+.I files
+are read and interpreted in order.
+If no
+.I file
+is given or if
+.I file
+is
+.L -
+.I hoc
+interprets the standard input.
+The
+.B -e
+option allows input to
+.I hoc
+to be specified on the command line, to be treated as if it appeared in a file.
+.PP
+.I Hoc
+input consists of
+.I expressions
+and
+.IR statements .
+Expressions are evaluated and their results printed.
+Statements, typically assignments and function or procedure
+definitions, produce no output unless they explicitly call
+.IR print .
+.PP
+Variable names have the usual syntax, including 
+.LR _ ;
+the name 
+.L _
+by itself contains the value of the last expression evaluated.
+The variables
+.BR E ,
+.BR PI ,
+.BR PHI ,
+.BR GAMMA
+and
+.B DEG 
+are predefined; the last is 59.25..., degrees per radian.
+.PP
+Expressions are formed with these C-like operators, listed by
+decreasing precedence.
+.TP
+.B ^
+exponentiation
+.TP
+.B ! - ++ --
+.TP
+.B * / %
+.TP
+.B + -
+.TP
+.B > >= < <= == !=
+.TP
+.B &&
+.TP
+.B ||
+.TP
+.B = += -= *= /= %=
+.PP
+Built in functions are
+.BR abs ,
+.BR acos ,
+.BR asin ,
+.B atan
+(one argument),
+.BR cos ,
+.BR cosh ,
+.BR exp ,
+.BR int ,
+.BR log ,
+.BR log10 ,
+.BR sin ,
+.BR sinh ,
+.BR sqrt ,
+.BR tan ,
+and
+.BR tanh .
+The function
+.B read(x)
+reads a value into the variable
+.B x
+and returns 0 at EOF;
+the statement
+.B print
+prints a list of expressions that may include
+string constants such as
+\fL"hello\en"\f1.\fP
+.PP
+Control flow statements are
+.BR if - else ,
+.BR while ,
+and
+.BR for ,
+with braces for grouping.
+Newline ends a statement.
+Backslash-newline is equivalent to a space.
+.PP
+Functions and procedures are introduced by the words
+.B func
+and
+.BR proc ;
+.B return
+is used to return with a value from a function.
+.SH EXAMPLES
+.EX
+func gcd(a, b) {
+	temp = abs(a) % abs(b)
+	if(temp == 0) return abs(b)
+	return gcd(b, temp)
+}
+for(i=1; i<12; i++) print gcd(i,12)
+.EE
+.SH SOURCE
+.B /sys/src/cmd/hoc
+.SH "SEE ALSO"
+.IR bc (1),
+.IR dc (1)
+.br
+B. W. Kernighan and R. Pike,
+.I
+The Unix Programming Environment,
+Prentice-Hall, 1984
+.SH BUGS
+Error recovery is imperfect within function and procedure definitions.
diff --git a/man/man1/idiff.1 b/man/man1/idiff.1
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..5cb22600
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/man1/idiff.1
@@ -0,0 +1,72 @@
+.TH IDIFF 1
+.SH NAME
+idiff \- interactive diff
+.SH SYNOPSIS
+.B idiff
+[
+.B -bw
+]
+.I file1
+.I file2
+.SH DESCRIPTION
+.I Idiff
+interactively
+merges 
+.I file1
+and 
+.IR file2 .
+Wherever
+.I file1
+and
+.I file2
+differ,
+.I idiff
+displays the differences in the style of
+.RB `` diff
+.RB -n ''
+and prompts the user to select a chunk.
+Valid responses are:
+.TP
+.B <
+Use the chunk from 
+.IR file1 .
+.TP
+.B >
+Use the chunk from
+.IR file2 .
+.TP
+.B =
+Use the diff output itself.
+.TP
+.BR q< ", " q> ", " q=
+Use the given response for all future questions.
+.TP
+.BI ! cmd
+Execute
+.I cmd
+and prompt again.
+.PP
+.I Idiff
+invokes
+.IR diff (1)
+to compare the files.
+The
+.B -b
+and
+.B -w
+flags
+are simply
+passed through to
+.IR diff .
+.SH FILES
+.B /tmp/idiff.*
+.SH SOURCE
+.B /sys/src/cmd/idiff.c
+.SH "SEE ALSO
+.IR diff (1)
+.br
+Kernighan and Pike,
+.IR "The Unix Programming Environment" ,
+Prentice-Hall, 1984.
+.SH BUGS
+This is a poorly-written manual page.
diff --git a/man/man1/join.1 b/man/man1/join.1
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..379eec7f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/man1/join.1
@@ -0,0 +1,148 @@
+.TH JOIN 1
+.CT 1 files
+.SH NAME
+join \- relational database operator
+.SH SYNOPSIS
+.B join
+[
+.I options
+]
+.I file1 file2
+.SH DESCRIPTION
+.I Join
+forms, on the standard output,
+a join
+of the two relations specified by the lines of
+.I file1
+and
+.IR file2 .
+If one of the file names is
+.LR - ,
+the standard input is used.
+.PP
+.I File1
+and
+.I file2
+must be sorted in increasing
+.SM ASCII 
+collating
+sequence on the fields
+on which they are to be joined,
+normally the first in each line.
+.PP
+There is one line in the output
+for each pair of lines in
+.I file1
+and
+.I file2
+that have identical join fields.
+The output line normally consists of the common field,
+then the rest of the line from
+.IR file1 ,
+then the rest of the line from
+.IR file2 .
+.PP
+Input fields are normally separated spaces or tabs;
+output fields by space.
+In this case, multiple separators count as one, and
+leading separators are discarded.
+.PP
+The following options are recognized, with POSIX syntax.
+.TP
+.BI -a " n
+In addition to the normal output,
+produce a line for each unpairable line in file
+.IR n ,
+where
+.I n
+is 1 or 2.
+.TP
+.BI -v " n
+Like
+.BR -a ,
+omitting output for paired lines.
+.TP
+.BI -e " s
+Replace empty output fields by string
+.IR s .
+.TP
+.BI -1 " m
+.br
+.ns
+.TP
+.BI -2 " m
+Join on the
+.IR m th
+field of
+.I file1
+or
+.IR file2 .
+.TP
+.BI -j "n m"
+Archaic equivalent for
+.BI - n " m"\f1.
+.TP
+.BI -o fields
+Each output line comprises the designated fields.
+The comma-separated field designators are either
+.BR 0 ,
+meaning the join field, or have the form
+.IR n . m ,
+where
+.I n
+is a file number and
+.I m
+is a field number.
+Archaic usage allows separate arguments for field designators.
+.PP
+.TP
+.BI -t c
+Use character
+.I c
+as the only separator (tab character) on input and output.
+Every appearance of
+.I c
+in a line is significant.
+.SH EXAMPLES
+.TP
+.L
+sort -t: +1 /adm/users | join -t: -1 2 -a 1 -e "" - bdays
+Add birthdays to the
+.B /adm/users
+file, leaving unknown
+birthdays empty.
+The layout of 
+.B /adm/users
+is given in
+.IR users (6);
+.B bdays
+contains sorted lines like
+.LR "ken:Feb\ 4,\ 1953" .
+.TP
+.L
+tr : ' ' </adm/users | sort -k 3 3 >temp
+.br
+.ns
+.TP
+.L
+join -1 3 -2 3 -o 1.1,2.1 temp temp | awk '$1 < $2'
+Print all pairs of users with identical userids.
+.SH SOURCE
+.B /sys/src/cmd/join.c
+.SH "SEE ALSO"
+.IR sort (1), 
+.IR comm (1), 
+.IR awk (1)
+.SH BUGS
+With default field separation,
+the collating sequence is that of
+.BI "sort -b"
+.BI -k y , y\f1;
+with
+.BR -t ,
+the sequence is that of
+.BI "sort -t" x
+.BI -k y , y\f1.
+.br
+One of the files must be randomly accessible.
+
diff --git a/man/man1/ls.1 b/man/man1/ls.1
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e33f7273
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/man1/ls.1
@@ -0,0 +1,162 @@
+.TH LS 1
+.SH NAME
+ls, lc \- list contents of directory
+.SH SYNOPSIS
+.B ls
+[
+.B -dlmnpqrstuFQ
+]
+.I name ...
+.PP
+.B lc
+[
+.B -dlmnqrstuFQ
+]
+.I name ...
+.SH DESCRIPTION
+For each directory argument,
+.I ls
+lists the contents of the directory;
+for each file argument,
+.I ls
+repeats its name and any other information requested.
+When no argument is given, the current directory is listed.
+By default, the output is sorted alphabetically by name.
+.PP
+.I Lc
+is the same as
+.IR ls ,
+but sets the
+.B -p
+option and pipes the output through
+.IR mc (1).
+.PP
+There are a number of options:
+.TP
+.B  -d
+If argument is a directory, list it, not
+its contents.
+.TP
+.B  -l
+List in long format, giving mode (see below), file system type
+(e.g., for devices, the
+.B #
+code letter that names it; see
+.IR intro (3)),
+the instance or subdevice number, owner, group,
+size in bytes, and time of last modification
+for each file.
+.TP
+.B -m
+List the name of the user who most recently modified the file.
+.TP
+.B  -n
+Don't sort the listing.
+.TP
+.B  -p
+Print only the final path element of each file name.
+.TP
+.B  -q
+List the
+.I qid
+(see
+.IR stat (2))
+of each file; the printed fields are in the order
+path, version, and type.
+.TP
+.B  -r
+Reverse the order of sort.
+.TP
+.B  -s
+Give size in Kbytes for each entry.
+.TP
+.B  -t
+Sort by time modified (latest first) instead of
+by name.
+.TP
+.B  -u
+Under
+.B -t
+sort by time of last access;
+under
+.B -l
+print time of last access.
+.TP
+.B  -F
+Add the character
+.B /
+after all directory names
+and the character
+.B *
+after all executable files.
+.TP
+.B -L
+Print the character
+.B t
+before each file if it has the temporary flag set, and
+.B -
+otherwise.
+.TP
+.B -Q
+By default, printed file names are quoted if they contain characters special to
+.IR rc (1).
+The
+.B -Q
+flag disables this behavior.
+.PP
+The mode printed under the
+.B -l
+option contains 11 characters,
+interpreted
+as follows:
+the first character is
+.TP
+.B  d
+if the entry is a directory;
+.PD 0
+.TP
+.B  a
+if the entry is an append-only file;
+.TP
+.B  -
+if the entry is a plain file.
+.PD
+.PP
+The next letter is
+.B l
+if the file is exclusive access (one writer or reader at a time).
+.PP
+The last 9 characters are interpreted
+as three sets of three bits each.
+The first set refers to owner permissions;
+the next to permissions to others in the same user-group;
+and the last to all others.
+Within each set the three characters indicate
+permission respectively to read, to write, or to
+execute the file as a program.
+For a directory, `execute' permission is interpreted
+to mean permission to search the directory
+for a specified file.
+The permissions are indicated as follows:
+.TP 3
+.B  r
+if the file is readable;
+.PD 0
+.TP 3
+.B  w
+if the file is writable;
+.TP 3
+.B  x
+if the file is executable;
+.TP 3
+.B  -
+if none of the above permissions is granted.
+.PD
+.SH SOURCE
+.B /sys/src/cmd/ls.c
+.br
+.B /rc/bin/lc
+.SH SEE ALSO
+.IR stat (2)
+.IR mc (1)
+
diff --git a/man/man1/mc.1 b/man/man1/mc.1
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c53bcca3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/man1/mc.1
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+.TH MC 1
+.SH NAME
+mc \- multicolumn print
+.SH SYNOPSIS
+.B mc
+[
+.B -
+]
+[
+.BI - N
+]
+[
+.I file ...
+]
+.SH DESCRIPTION
+.I Mc
+splits the input into as many columns as will fit in
+.I N
+print positions.
+If run in a
+.IR rio (1)
+window, the default
+.I N
+is the number of blanks that will fit across the window;
+otherwise the default
+.I N
+is 80.
+Under option
+.B -
+each input line ending in a colon 
+.L :
+is printed separately.
+.SH SOURCE
+.B /sys/src/cmd/mc.c
+.SH "SEE ALSO"
+.IR rio (1),
+.IR pr (1),
+.I lc
+in
+.IR ls (1)
diff --git a/man/man1/mkdir.1 b/man/man1/mkdir.1
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..89e53eaa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/man1/mkdir.1
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+.TH MKDIR 1
+.SH NAME
+mkdir \- make a directory
+.SH SYNOPSIS
+.B mkdir
+[
+.B -p
+]
+.I dirname ...
+.SH DESCRIPTION
+.I Mkdir
+creates the specified directories.
+It
+requires write permission in the parent directory.
+.PP
+If the
+.B -p
+flag is given,
+.I mkdir
+creates any necessary parent directories
+and does not complain if the target directory already exists.
+.SH "SEE ALSO"
+.IR rm (1)
+.br
+.IR cd
+in
+.IR rc (1)
+.SH SOURCE
+.B /sys/src/cmd/mkdir.c
+.SH DIAGNOSTICS
+.I Mkdir
+returns null exit status if all directories were successfully made.
+Otherwise it prints a diagnostic and returns
+.B \&"error"
+status.
diff --git a/man/man1/plumb.1 b/man/man1/plumb.1
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..6c51d68b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/man1/plumb.1
@@ -0,0 +1,92 @@
+.TH PLUMB 1
+.SH NAME
+plumb \- send message to plumber
+.SH SYNOPSIS
+.B plumb
+[
+.B -p
+.I plumbfile
+] [
+.B -a
+.I attributes
+] [
+.B -s
+.I source
+] [
+.B -d
+.I destination
+] [
+.B -t
+.I type
+] [
+.B -w
+.I directory
+]
+.B -i
+|
+.I data...
+.SH DESCRIPTION
+The
+.I plumb
+command formats and sends a plumbing message whose data
+is, by default, the concatenation of the argument strings separated by blanks.
+The options are:
+.TP
+.B -p
+write the message to
+.I plumbfile
+(default
+.BR /mnt/plumb/send ).
+.TP
+.B -a
+set the
+.B attr
+field of the message (default is empty).
+.TP
+.B -s
+set the
+.B src
+field of the message (default is
+.BR plumb ).
+.TP
+.B -d
+set the
+.B dst
+field of the message (default is empty).
+.TP
+.B -t
+set the
+.B type
+field of the message (default is
+.BR text ).
+.TP
+.B -w
+set the
+.B wdir
+field of the message (default is the current working directory of
+.IR plumb ).
+.TP
+.B -i
+take the data from standard input rather than the argument strings.
+If an
+.B action=
+attribute is not otherwise specified,
+.I plumb
+will add an
+.B action=showdata
+attribute to the message.
+.SH FILES
+.TF /usr/$user/lib/plumbing
+.TP
+.B /usr/$user/lib/plumbing
+default rules file
+.TP
+.B /mnt/plumb
+mount point for
+.IR plumber (4).
+.SH SOURCE
+.B /sys/src/cmd/plumb
+.SH "SEE ALSO"
+.IR plumb (2),
+.IR plumber (4),
+.IR plumb (6)
diff --git a/man/man1/rc.1 b/man/man1/rc.1
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b296a48a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/man1/rc.1
@@ -0,0 +1,959 @@
+.TH RC 1
+.SH NAME
+rc, cd, eval, exec, exit, flag, rfork, shift, wait, whatis, ., ~ \- command language
+.SH SYNOPSIS
+.B rc
+[
+.B -srdiIlxepvV
+]
+[
+.B -c command
+]
+[
+.I file
+[
+.I arg ...
+]]
+.SH DESCRIPTION
+.I Rc
+is the Plan 9 shell.
+It executes command lines read from a terminal or a file or, with the
+.B -c
+flag, from
+.I rc's
+argument list.
+.SS Command Lines
+A command line is a sequence of commands, separated by ampersands or semicolons
+.RB ( &
+or
+.BR ; ),
+terminated by a newline.
+The commands are executed in sequence
+from left to right.
+.I Rc
+does not wait for a command followed by
+.B &
+to finish executing before starting
+the following command.
+Whenever a command followed by
+.B &
+is executed, its process id is assigned to the
+.I rc
+variable
+.BR $apid .
+Whenever a command
+.I not
+followed by
+.B &
+exits or is terminated, the
+.I rc
+variable
+.B $status
+gets the process's wait message (see
+.IR wait (2));
+it will be the null string if the command was successful.
+.PP
+A long command line may be continued on subsequent lines by typing
+a backslash
+.RB ( \e )
+followed by a newline.
+This sequence is treated as though it were a blank.
+Backslash is not otherwise a special character.
+.PP
+A number-sign
+.RB ( # )
+and any following characters up to (but not including) the next newline
+are ignored, except in quotation marks.
+.SS Simple Commands
+A simple command is a sequence of arguments interspersed with I/O redirections.
+If the first argument is the name of an
+.I rc
+function or of one of
+.I rc's
+built-in commands, it is executed by
+.IR rc .
+Otherwise if the name starts with a slash
+.RB ( / ),
+it must be the path name of the program to be executed.
+Names containing no initial slash are searched for in
+a list of directory names stored in
+.BR $path .
+The first executable file of the given name found
+in a directory in
+.B $path
+is the program to be executed.
+To be executable, the user must have execute permission (see
+.IR stat (2))
+and the file must be either an executable binary
+for the current machine's CPU type, or a shell script.
+Shell scripts begin with a line containing the full path name of a shell
+(usually
+.BR /bin/rc ),
+prefixed by
+.LR #! .
+.PP
+The first word of a simple command cannot be a keyword unless it is
+quoted or otherwise disguised.
+The keywords are
+.EX
+	for in while if not switch fn ~ ! @
+.EE
+.SS Arguments and Variables
+A number of constructions may be used where
+.I rc's
+syntax requires an argument to appear.
+In many cases a construction's
+value will be a list of arguments rather than a single string.
+.PP
+The simplest kind of argument is the unquoted word:
+a sequence of one or more characters none of which is a blank, tab,
+newline, or any of the following:
+.EX
+	# ; & | ^ $ = ` ' { } ( ) < >
+.EE
+An unquoted word that contains any of the characters
+.B *
+.B ?
+.B [
+is a pattern for matching against file names.
+The character
+.B *
+matches any sequence of characters,
+.B ?
+matches any single character, and
+.BI [ class ]
+matches any character in the
+.IR class .
+If the first character of
+.I class
+is
+.BR ~ ,
+the class is complemented.
+The
+.I class
+may also contain pairs of characters separated by
+.BR - ,
+standing for all characters lexically between the two.
+The character
+.B /
+must appear explicitly in a pattern, as must the
+first character of the path name components
+.B .
+and
+.BR .. .
+A pattern is replaced by a list of arguments, one for each path name matched,
+except that a pattern matching no names is not replaced by the empty list,
+but rather stands for itself.
+Pattern matching is done after all other
+operations.
+Thus,
+.EX
+	x=/tmp echo $x^/*.c
+.EE
+matches
+.BR /tmp/*.c ,
+rather than matching
+.B "/*.c
+and then prefixing
+.BR /tmp .
+.PP
+A quoted word is a sequence of characters surrounded by single quotes
+.RB ( ' ).
+A single quote is represented in a quoted word by a pair of quotes
+.RB ( '' ).
+.PP
+Each of the following is an argument.
+.PD 0
+.HP
+.BI ( arguments )
+.br
+The value of a sequence of arguments enclosed in parentheses is
+a list comprising the members of each element of the sequence.
+Argument lists have no recursive structure, although their syntax may
+suggest it.
+The following are entirely equivalent:
+.EX
+	echo hi there everybody
+	((echo) (hi there) everybody)
+.EE
+.HP
+.BI $ argument
+.HP
+.BI $ argument ( subscript )
+.br
+The
+.I argument
+after the
+.B $
+is the name of a variable whose value is substituted.
+Multiple levels
+of indirection are possible, but of questionable utility.
+Variable values
+are lists of strings.
+If
+.I argument
+is a number
+.IR n ,
+the value is the
+.IR n th
+element of
+.BR $* ,
+unless
+.B $*
+doesn't have
+.I n
+elements, in which case the value is empty.
+If
+.I argument
+is followed by a parenthesized list of subscripts, the
+value substituted is a list composed of the requested elements (origin 1).
+The parenthesis must follow the variable name with no spaces.
+Assignments to variables are described below.
+.HP
+.BI $# argument
+.br
+The value is the number of elements in the named variable.
+A variable
+never assigned a value has zero elements.
+.HP
+$"\c
+.I argument
+.br
+The value is a single string containing the components of the named variable
+separated by spaces.  A variable with zero elements yields the empty string.
+.HP
+.BI `{ command }
+.br
+.I rc
+executes the
+.I command
+and reads its standard output, splitting it into a list of arguments,
+using characters in
+.B $ifs
+as separators.
+If
+.B $ifs
+is not otherwise set, its value is
+.BR "'\ \et\en'" .
+.HP
+.BI <{ command }
+.HP
+.BI >{ command }
+.br
+The
+.I command
+is executed asynchronously with its standard output or standard input
+connected to a pipe.
+The value of the argument is the name of a file
+referring to the other end of the pipe.
+This allows the construction of
+non-linear pipelines.
+For example, the following runs two commands
+.B old
+and
+.B new
+and uses
+.B cmp
+to compare their outputs
+.EX
+	cmp <{old} <{new}
+.EE
+.HP
+.IB argument ^ argument
+.br
+The
+.B ^
+operator concatenates its two operands.
+If the two operands
+have the same number of components, they are concatenated pairwise.
+If not,
+then one operand must have one component, and the other must be non-empty,
+and concatenation is distributive.
+.PD
+.SS Free Carets
+In most circumstances,
+.I rc
+will insert the
+.B ^
+operator automatically between words that are not separated by white space.
+Whenever one of
+.B $
+.B '
+.B `
+follows a quoted or unquoted word or an unquoted word follows a quoted word
+with no intervening blanks or tabs,
+a
+.B ^
+is inserted between the two.
+If an unquoted word immediately follows a
+.BR $ 
+and contains a character other than an alphanumeric, underscore,
+or
+.BR * ,
+a
+.B ^
+is inserted before the first such character.
+Thus
+.IP
+.B cc -$flags $stem.c
+.LP
+is equivalent to
+.IP
+.B cc -^$flags $stem^.c
+.SS I/O Redirections
+The sequence
+.BI > file
+redirects the standard output file (file descriptor 1, normally the
+terminal) to the named
+.IR file ;
+.BI >> file
+appends standard output to the file.
+The standard input file (file descriptor 0, also normally the terminal)
+may be redirected from a file by the sequence
+.BI < file \f1,
+or from an inline `here document'
+by the sequence
+.BI << eof-marker\f1.
+The contents of a here document are lines of text taken from the command
+input stream up to a line containing nothing but the
+.IR eof-marker ,
+which may be either a quoted or unquoted word.
+If
+.I eof-marker
+is unquoted, variable names of the form
+.BI $ word
+have their values substituted from
+.I rc's
+environment.
+If
+.BI $ word
+is followed by a caret
+.RB ( ^ ),
+the caret is deleted.
+If
+.I eof-marker
+is quoted, no substitution occurs.
+.PP
+Redirections may be applied to a file-descriptor other than standard input
+or output by qualifying the redirection operator
+with a number in square brackets.
+For example, the diagnostic output (file descriptor 2)
+may be redirected by writing
+.BR "cc junk.c >[2]junk" .
+.PP
+A file descriptor may be redirected to an already open descriptor by writing
+.BI >[ fd0 = fd1 ]
+or
+.BI <[ fd0 = fd1 ]\f1.
+.I Fd1
+is a previously opened file descriptor and
+.I fd0
+becomes a new copy (in the sense of 
+.IR dup (2))
+of it.
+A file descriptor may be closed by writing
+.BI >[ fd0 =]
+or
+.BI <[ fd0 =]\f1.
+.PP
+Redirections are executed from left to right.
+Therefore,
+.B cc junk.c >/dev/null >[2=1]
+and
+.B cc junk.c >[2=1] >/dev/null
+have different effects: the first puts standard output in
+.BR /dev/null
+and then puts diagnostic output in the same place, where the second
+directs diagnostic output to the terminal and sends standard output to
+.BR /dev/null .
+.SS Compound Commands
+A pair of commands separated by a pipe operator
+.RB ( | )
+is a command.
+The standard output of the left command is sent through a pipe
+to the standard input of the right command.
+The pipe operator may be decorated
+to use different file descriptors.
+.BI |[ fd ]
+connects the output end of the pipe to file descriptor
+.I fd
+rather than 1.
+.BI |[ fd0 = fd1 ]
+connects output to
+.I fd1
+of the left command and input to
+.I fd0
+of the right command.
+.PP
+A pair of commands separated by
+.B &&
+or
+.B ||
+is a command.
+In either case, the left command is executed and its exit status examined.
+If the operator is
+.B &&
+the right command is executed if the left command's status is null.
+.B ||
+causes the right command to be executed if the left command's status is non-null.
+.PP
+The exit status of a command may be inverted (non-null is changed to null, null
+is changed to non-null) by preceding it with a
+.BR ! .
+.PP
+The
+.B |
+operator has highest precedence, and is left-associative (i.e. binds tighter
+to the left than the right).
+.B !
+has intermediate precedence, and
+.B &&
+and
+.B ||
+have the lowest precedence.
+.PP
+The unary
+.B @
+operator, with precedence equal to
+.BR ! ,
+causes its operand to be executed in a subshell.
+.PP
+Each of the following is a command.
+.PD 0
+.HP
+.B if (
+.I list
+.B )
+.I command
+.br
+A
+.I list
+is a sequence of commands, separated by
+.BR & ,
+.BR ; ,
+or newline.
+It is executed and
+if its exit status is null, the
+.I command
+is executed.
+.HP
+.B if not
+.I command
+.br
+The immediately preceding command must have been
+.BI if( list )
+.IR command .
+If its condition was non-zero, the
+.I command
+is executed.
+.HP
+.BI for( name
+.B in
+.IB arguments )
+.I command
+.HP
+.BI for( name )
+.I command
+.br
+The
+.I command
+is executed once for each
+.IR argument 
+with that argument assigned to
+.IR name .
+If the argument list is omitted,
+.B $*
+is used.
+.HP
+.BI while( list )
+.I command
+.br
+The
+.I list
+is executed repeatedly until its exit status is non-null.
+Each time it returns null status, the
+.I command
+is executed.
+An empty
+.I list
+is taken to give null status.
+.HP
+.BI "switch(" argument "){" list }
+.br
+The
+.IR list
+is searched for simple commands beginning with the word
+.BR case .
+(The search is only at the `top level' of the
+.IR list .
+That is,
+.B cases
+in nested constructs are not found.)
+.I Argument
+is matched against each word following
+.B case
+using the pattern-matching algorithm described above, except that
+.B /
+and the first characters of
+.B .
+and
+.B ..
+need not be matched explicitly.
+When a match is found, commands in the list are executed up to the next
+following
+.B case
+command (at the top level) or the closing brace.
+.HP
+.BI { list }
+.br
+Braces serve to alter the grouping of commands implied by operator
+priorities.
+The
+.I body
+is a sequence of commands separated by
+.BR & ,
+.BR ; ,
+or newline.
+.HP
+.BI "fn " name { list }
+.HP
+.BI "fn " name
+.br
+The first form defines a function with the given
+.IR name .
+Subsequently, whenever a command whose first argument is
+.I name
+is encountered, the current value of
+the remainder of the command's argument list will be assigned to
+.BR $* ,
+after saving its current value, and
+.I rc
+will execute the
+.IR list .
+The second form removes
+.IR name 's
+function definition.
+.HP
+.BI "fn " note { list }
+.br
+.HP
+.BI "fn " note
+.br
+A function with a special name will be called when
+.I rc
+receives a corresponding note; see
+.IR notify (2).
+The valid note names (and corresponding notes) are
+.B sighup
+.RB ( hangup ),
+.B sigint
+.RB ( interrupt ),
+.BR sigalrm
+.RB ( alarm ),
+and
+.B sigfpe
+(floating point trap).
+By default
+.I rc
+exits on receiving any signal, except when run interactively,
+in which case interrupts and quits normally cause
+.I rc
+to stop whatever it's doing and start reading a new command.
+The second form causes
+.I rc
+to handle a signal in the default manner.
+.I Rc
+recognizes an artificial note,
+.BR sigexit ,
+which occurs when
+.I rc
+is about to finish executing.
+.HP
+.IB name = "argument command"
+.br
+Any command may be preceded by a sequence of assignments
+interspersed with redirections.
+The assignments remain in effect until the end of the command, unless
+the command is empty (i.e. the assignments stand alone), in which case
+they are effective until rescinded by later assignments.
+.PD
+.SS Built-in Commands
+These commands are executed internally by
+.IR rc ,
+usually because their execution changes or depends on
+.IR rc 's
+internal state.
+.PD 0
+.HP
+.BI . " file ..."
+.br
+Execute commands from
+.IR file .
+.B $*
+is set for the duration to the remainder of the argument list following
+.IR file .
+.I File
+is searched for using
+.BR $path .
+.HP
+.BI builtin " command ..."
+.br
+Execute
+.I command
+as usual except that any function named
+.I command
+is ignored in favor of the built-in meaning.
+.HP
+.BI "cd [" dir "]"
+.br
+Change the current directory to
+.IR dir .
+The default argument is
+.BR $home .
+.I dir
+is searched for in each of the directories mentioned in
+.BR $cdpath .
+.HP
+.BI "eval [" "arg ..." "]"
+.br
+The arguments are concatenated separated by spaces into a single string,
+read as input to
+.IR rc ,
+and executed.
+.HP
+.BI "exec [" "command ..." "]"
+.br
+This instance of
+.I rc
+replaces itself with the given (non-built-in)
+.IR command .
+.HP
+.BI "flag " f " [+-]"
+.br
+Either set
+.RB ( + ),
+clear
+.RB ( - ),
+or test (neither
+.B +
+nor
+.BR - )
+the flag
+.IR f ,
+where
+.I f
+is a single character, one of the command line flags (see Invocation, below).
+.HP
+.BI "exit [" status "]"
+.br
+Exit with the given exit status.
+If none is given, the current value of
+.B $status
+is used.
+.HP
+.BR "rfork " [ nNeEsfFm ]
+.br
+Become a new process group using
+.BI rfork( flags )
+where
+.I flags
+is composed of the bitwise OR of the
+.B rfork
+flags specified by the option letters
+(see
+.IR fork (2)).
+If no
+.I flags
+are given, they default to
+.BR ens .
+The
+.I flags
+and their meanings are:
+.B n
+is
+.BR RFNAMEG ;
+.B N
+is
+.BR RFCNAMEG ;
+.B e
+is
+.BR RFENVG ;
+.B E
+is
+.BR RFCENVG ;
+.B s
+is
+.BR RFNOTEG ;
+.B f
+is
+.BR RFFDG ;
+.B F
+is
+.BR RFCFDG ;
+and
+.B m
+is
+.BR RFNOMNT .
+.HP
+.BI "shift [" n "]"
+.br
+Delete the first
+.IR n
+(default 1)
+elements of
+.BR $* .
+.HP
+.BI "wait [" pid "]"
+.br
+Wait for the process with the given
+.I pid
+to exit.
+If no
+.I pid
+is given, all outstanding processes are waited for.
+.HP
+.BI whatis " name ..."
+.br
+Print the value of each
+.I name
+in a form suitable for input to
+.IR rc .
+The output is
+an assignment to any variable,
+the definition of any function,
+a call to
+.B builtin
+for any built-in command, or
+the completed pathname of any executable file.
+.HP
+.BI ~ " subject pattern ..."
+.br
+The
+.I subject
+is matched against each
+.I pattern
+in sequence.
+If it matches any pattern,
+.B $status
+is set to zero.
+Otherwise,
+.B $status
+is set to one.
+Patterns are the same as for file name matching, except that
+.B /
+and the first character of
+.B .
+and
+.B ..
+need not be matched explicitly.
+The
+.I patterns
+are not subjected to
+file name matching before the
+.B ~
+command is executed, so they need not be enclosed in quotation marks.
+.PD
+.SS Environment
+The
+.I environment
+is a list of strings made available to executing binaries by the
+.B env
+device
+(see
+.IR env (3)).
+.I Rc
+creates an environment entry for each variable whose value is non-empty,
+and for each function.
+The string for a variable entry has the variable's name followed by
+.B =
+and its value.
+If the value has more than one component, these
+are separated by ctrl-a
+.RB ( '\e001' )
+characters.
+The string for a function is just the
+.I rc
+input that defines the function.
+The name of a function in the environment is the function name
+preceded by
+.LR fn# .
+.PP
+When
+.I rc
+starts executing it reads variable and function definitions from its
+environment.
+.SS Special Variables
+The following variables are set or used by
+.IR rc .
+.PD 0
+.TP \w'\fL$promptXX'u
+.B $*
+Set to
+.IR rc 's
+argument list during initialization.
+Whenever a
+.B .
+command or a function is executed, the current value is saved and
+.B $*
+receives the new argument list.
+The saved value is restored on completion of the
+.B .
+or function.
+.TP
+.B $apid
+Whenever a process is started asynchronously with
+.BR & ,
+.B $apid
+is set to its process id.
+.TP
+.B $home
+The default directory for
+.BR cd .
+.TP
+.B $ifs
+The input field separators used in backquote substitutions.
+If
+.B $ifs
+is not set in
+.IR rc 's
+environment, it is initialized to blank, tab and newline.
+.TP
+.B $path
+The search path used to find commands and input files
+for the
+.B .
+command.
+If not set in the environment, it is initialized by
+.BR "path=(.\ /bin)" .
+Its use is discouraged; instead use
+.IR bind (1)
+to build a
+.B /bin
+containing what's needed.
+.TP
+.B $pid
+Set during initialization to
+.IR rc 's
+process id.
+.TP
+.B $prompt
+When
+.I rc
+is run interactively, the first component of
+.B $prompt
+is printed before reading each command.
+The second component is printed whenever a newline is typed and more lines
+are required to complete the command.
+If not set in the environment, it is initialized by
+.BR "prompt=('%\ '\ '\ ')" .
+.TP
+.B $status
+Set to the wait message of the last-executed program.
+(unless started with
+.BR &).
+.B !
+and
+.B ~
+also change
+.BR $status .
+Its value is used to control execution in
+.BR && ,
+.BR || ,
+.B if
+and
+.B while
+commands.
+When
+.I rc
+exits at end-of-file of its input or on executing an
+.B exit
+command with no argument,
+.B $status
+is its exit status.
+.PD
+.SS Invocation
+If
+.I rc
+is started with no arguments it reads commands from standard input.
+Otherwise its first non-flag argument is the name of a file from which
+to read commands (but see
+.B -c
+below).
+Subsequent arguments become the initial value of
+.BR $* .
+.I Rc
+accepts the following command-line flags.
+.PD 0
+.TP \w'\fL-c\ \fIstring\fLXX'u
+.BI -c " string"
+Commands are read from
+.IR string .
+.TP
+.B -s
+Print out exit status after any command where the status is non-null.
+.TP
+.B -e
+Exit if
+.B $status
+is non-null after executing a simple command.
+.TP
+.B -i
+If
+.B -i
+is present, or
+.I rc
+is given no arguments and its standard input is a terminal,
+it runs interactively.
+Commands are prompted for using
+.BR $prompt .
+.TP
+.B -I
+Makes sure
+.I rc
+is not run interactively.
+.TP
+.B -l
+If
+.B -l
+is given or the first character of argument zero is
+.BR - ,
+.I rc
+reads commands from
+.BR $home/lib/profile ,
+if it exists, before reading its normal input.
+.TP
+.B -p
+A no-op.
+.TP
+.B -d
+A no-op.
+.TP
+.B -v
+Echo input on file descriptor 2 as it is read.
+.TP
+.B -x
+Print each simple command before executing it.
+.TP
+.B -r
+Print debugging information (internal form of commands
+as they are executed).
+.PD
+.SH SOURCE
+.B /sys/src/cmd/rc
+.SH "SEE ALSO"
+Tom Duff,
+``Rc \- The Plan 9 Shell''.
+.SH BUGS
+There should be a way to match patterns against whole lists rather than
+just single strings.
+.br
+Using
+.B ~
+to check the value of
+.B $status
+changes
+.BR $status .
+.br
+Functions that use here documents don't work.
+.br
+Free carets don't get inserted next to keywords.
diff --git a/man/man1/rm.1 b/man/man1/rm.1
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c5786f92
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/man1/rm.1
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+.TH RM 1
+.SH NAME
+rm \- remove files
+.SH SYNOPSIS
+.B rm
+[
+.B -fr
+]
+.I file ...
+.SH DESCRIPTION
+.I Rm
+removes files or directories.
+A directory is removed only if it is empty.
+Removal of a file requires write permission in its directory,
+but neither read nor write permission on the file itself.
+The options are
+.TP
+.B -f
+Don't report files that can't be removed.
+.TP
+.B -r
+Recursively delete the
+entire contents of a directory
+and the directory itself.
+.SH SOURCE
+.B /sys/src/cmd/rm.c
+.SH "SEE ALSO"
+.IR remove (2)
diff --git a/man/man1/sam.1 b/man/man1/sam.1
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0ba20335
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/man1/sam.1
@@ -0,0 +1,885 @@
+.TH SAM 1
+.ds a \fR*\ \fP
+.SH NAME
+sam, B, sam.save \- screen editor with structural regular expressions 
+.SH SYNOPSIS
+.B sam
+[
+.I option ...
+] [
+.I files
+]
+.PP
+.B sam
+.B -r
+.I machine
+.PP
+.B sam.save
+.PP
+.B B
+[
+.BI -nnnn
+]
+.I file ...
+.SH DESCRIPTION
+.I Sam
+is a multi-file editor.
+It modifies a local copy of an external file.
+The copy is here called a
+.IR file .
+The files are listed in a menu available through mouse button 3
+or the
+.B n
+command.
+Each file has an associated name, usually the name of the
+external file from which it was read, and a `modified' bit that indicates whether
+the editor's file agrees with the external file.
+The external file is not read into
+the editor's file until it first becomes the current file\(emthat to
+which editing commands apply\(emwhereupon its menu entry is printed.
+The options are
+.TF -rmachine
+.TP
+.B -d
+Do not `download' the terminal part of
+.IR sam .
+Editing will be done with the command language only, as in
+.IR ed (1).
+.TP
+.BI -r " machine
+Run the host part remotely
+on the specified machine, the terminal part locally.
+.TP
+.BI -s " path
+Start the host part from the specified file on the remote host.
+Only meaningful with the
+.BI -r
+option.
+.TP
+.BI -t " path
+Start the terminal part from the specified file.  Useful
+for debugging.
+.PD
+.SS Regular expressions
+Regular expressions are as in
+.IR regexp (6)
+with the addition of
+.BR \en
+to represent newlines.
+A regular expression may never contain a literal newline character.
+The empty
+regular expression stands for the last complete expression encountered.
+A regular expression in
+.I sam
+matches the longest leftmost substring formally
+matched by the expression.
+Searching in the reverse direction is equivalent
+to searching backwards with the catenation operations reversed in
+the expression.
+.SS Addresses
+An address identifies a substring in a file.
+In the following, `character
+.IR n '
+means the null string
+after the
+.IR n -th
+character in the file, with 1 the
+first character in the file.
+`Line
+.IR n '
+means the
+.IR n -th
+match,
+starting at the beginning of the file, of the regular expression
+.LR .*\en? .
+All files always have a current substring, called dot,
+that is the default address.
+.SS Simple Addresses
+.PD 0
+.TP
+.BI # n
+The empty string after character
+.IR n ;
+.B #0
+is the beginning of the file.
+.TP
+.I n
+Line
+.IR n ;
+.B 0
+is the beginning of the file.
+.TP
+.BI  / regexp /
+.PD 0
+.TP
+.BI ? regexp ?
+The substring that matches the regular expression,
+found by looking toward the end 
+.RB ( / )
+or beginning
+.RB ( ? )
+of the file,
+and if necessary continuing the search from the other end to the
+starting point of the search.
+The matched substring may straddle
+the starting point.
+When entering a pattern containing a literal question mark
+for a backward search, the question mark should be
+specified as a member of a class.
+.PD
+.TP
+.B 0
+The string before the first full line.
+This is not necessarily
+the null string; see
+.B +
+and
+.B -
+below.
+.TP
+.B $
+The null string at the end of the file.
+.TP
+.B .
+Dot.
+.TP
+.B \&'
+The mark in the file (see the
+.B k
+command below).
+.TP
+\fB"\f2regexp\fB"\f1\f1
+Preceding a simple address (default
+.BR . ),
+refers to the address evaluated in the unique file whose menu line
+matches the regular expression.
+.PD
+.SS Compound Addresses
+In the following,
+.I a1
+and
+.I a2
+are addresses.
+.TF a1+a2
+.TP
+.IB a1 + a2
+The address
+.I a2
+evaluated starting at the end of
+.IR a1 .
+.TP
+.IB a1 - a2
+The address
+.I a2
+evaluated looking in the reverse direction
+starting at the beginning of
+.IR a1 .
+.TP
+.IB a1 , a2
+The substring from the beginning of
+.I a1
+to the end of
+.IR a2 .
+If
+.I a1
+is missing,
+.B 0
+is substituted.
+If
+.I a2
+is missing,
+.B $
+is substituted.
+.TP
+.IB  a1 ; a2
+Like
+.IB a1 , a2\f1,
+but with
+.I a2
+evaluated at the end of, and dot set to,
+.IR a1 .
+.PD
+.PP
+The operators
+.B +
+and
+.B -
+are high precedence, while
+.B ,
+and
+.B ;
+are low precedence.
+.PP
+In both
+.B +
+and
+.B -
+forms, if
+.I a2
+is a line or character address with a missing
+number, the number defaults to 1.
+If
+.I a1
+is missing,
+.L .
+is substituted.
+If both
+.I a1
+and
+.I a2
+are present and distinguishable,
+.B +
+may be elided.
+.I a2
+may be a regular
+expression; if it is delimited by
+.LR ? 's,
+the effect of the
+.B +
+or
+.B -
+is reversed.
+.PP
+It is an error for a compound address to represent a malformed substring.
+Some useful idioms: 
+.IB a1 +-
+\%(\f2a1\fB-+\f1)
+selects the line containing
+the end (beginning) of a1.
+.BI 0/ regexp /
+locates the first match of the expression in the file.
+(The form
+.B 0;//
+sets dot unnecessarily.)
+.BI ./ regexp /// 
+finds the second following occurrence of the expression,
+and
+.BI .,/ regexp /
+extends dot.
+.SS Commands
+In the following, text demarcated by slashes represents text delimited
+by any printable
+character except alphanumerics.
+Any number of
+trailing delimiters may be elided, with multiple elisions then representing
+null strings, but the first delimiter must always
+be present.
+In any delimited text,
+newline may not appear literally;
+.B \en
+may be typed for newline; and
+.B \e/
+quotes the delimiter, here 
+.LR / .
+Backslash is otherwise interpreted literally, except in
+.B s
+commands.
+.PP
+Most commands may be prefixed by an address to indicate their range
+of operation.
+Those that may not are marked with a 
+.L *
+below.
+If a command takes
+an address and none is supplied, dot is used.
+The sole exception is
+the
+.B w
+command, which defaults to
+.BR 0,$ .
+In the description, `range' is used
+to represent whatever address is supplied.
+Many commands set the
+value of dot as a side effect.
+If so, it is always set to the `result'
+of the change: the empty string for a deletion, the new text for an
+insertion, etc. (but see the
+.B s
+and
+.B e
+commands).
+.br
+.ne 1.2i
+.SS Text commands
+.PD 0
+.TP
+.BI a/ text /
+.TP
+or
+.TP
+.B  a
+.TP
+.I lines of text
+.TP
+.B .
+Insert the text into the file after the range.
+Set dot.
+.PD
+.TP
+.B c\fP
+.br
+.ns
+.TP
+.B i\fP
+Same as
+.BR a ,
+but
+.B c
+replaces the text, while
+.B i
+inserts
+.I before
+the range.
+.TP
+.B d
+Delete the text in the range.
+Set dot.
+.TP
+.BI s/ regexp / text /
+Substitute
+.I text
+for the first match to the regular expression in the range.
+Set dot to the modified range.
+In 
+.I text
+the character
+.B &
+stands for the string
+that matched the expression. 
+Backslash behaves as usual unless followed by
+a digit:
+.BI \e d
+stands for the string that matched the
+subexpression begun by the
+.IR d -th
+left parenthesis.
+If
+.I s
+is followed immediately by a
+number
+.IR n ,
+as in
+.BR s2/x/y/ ,
+the
+.IR n -th
+match in the range is substituted.
+If the
+command is followed by a
+.BR g ,
+as in
+.BR s/x/y/g ,
+all matches in the range
+are substituted.
+.TP
+.BI m " a1
+.br
+.ns
+.TP
+.BI t " a1
+Move
+.RB ( m )
+or copy
+.RB ( t )
+the range to after
+.IR a1 .
+Set dot.
+.SS Display commands
+.PD 0
+.TP
+.B p
+Print the text in the range.
+Set dot.
+.TP
+.B =
+Print the line address and character address of the range.
+.TP
+.B =#
+Print just the character address of the range.
+.PD
+.SS File commands
+.PD 0
+.TP
+.BI \*ab " file-list
+Set the current file to the first file named in the list
+that
+.I sam
+also has in its menu.
+The list may be expressed
+.BI < "Plan 9 command"
+in which case the file names are taken as words (in the shell sense)
+generated by the Plan 9 command.
+.TP
+.BI \*aB " file-list
+Same as
+.BR b ,
+except that file names not in the menu are entered there,
+and all file names in the list are examined.
+.TP
+.B \*an
+Print a menu of files.
+The format is:
+.RS
+.TP 11
+.BR ' " or blank
+indicating the file is modified or clean,
+.TP 11
+.BR - " or \&" +
+indicating the file is unread or has been read
+(in the terminal,
+.B *
+means more than one window is open),
+.TP 11
+.BR . " or blank
+indicating the current file,
+.TP 11
+a blank,
+.TP 11
+and the file name.
+.RE
+.TP 0
+.BI \*aD " file-list
+Delete the named files from the menu.
+If no files are named, the current file is deleted.
+It is an error to
+.B D
+a modified file, but a subsequent
+.B D
+will delete such a file.
+.PD
+.SS I/O Commands
+.PD 0
+.TP
+.BI \*ae " filename
+Replace the file by the contents of the named external file.
+Set dot to the beginning of the file.
+.TP
+.BI r " filename
+Replace the text in the range by the contents of the named external file.
+Set dot.
+.TP
+.BI w " filename
+Write the range (default
+.BR 0,$ )
+to the named external file.
+.TP
+.BI \*af " filename
+Set the file name and print the resulting menu entry.
+.PP
+If the file name is absent from any of these, the current file name is used.
+.B e
+always sets the file name;
+.B r
+and
+.B w
+do so if the file has no name.
+.TP
+.BI < " Plan 9-command
+Replace the range by the standard output of the
+Plan 9 command.
+.TP
+.BI > " Plan 9-command
+Send the range to the standard input of the
+Plan 9 command.
+.TP
+.BI | " Plan 9-command
+Send the range to the standard input, and replace it by
+the standard output, of the
+Plan 9 command.
+.TP
+.BI \*a! " Plan 9-command
+Run the
+Plan 9 command.
+.TP
+.BI \*acd " directory
+Change working directory.
+If no directory is specified,
+.B $home
+is used.
+.PD
+.PP
+In any of
+.BR < ,
+.BR > ,
+.B |
+or
+.BR ! ,
+if the
+.I Plan 9 command
+is omitted the last
+.I Plan 9 command
+(of any type) is substituted.
+If
+.I sam
+is
+.I downloaded
+(using the mouse and raster display, i.e. not using option
+.BR -d ),
+.B !
+sets standard input to
+.BR /dev/null ,
+and otherwise
+unassigned output
+.RB ( stdout
+for
+.B !
+and
+.BR > ,
+.B stderr
+for all) is placed in
+.B /tmp/sam.err
+and the first few lines are printed.
+.SS Loops and Conditionals
+.PD 0
+.TP
+.BI x/ regexp / " command
+For each match of the regular expression in the range, run the command
+with dot set to the match.
+Set dot to the last match.
+If the regular
+expression and its slashes are omitted, 
+.L /.*\en/
+is assumed.
+Null string matches potentially occur before every character
+of the range and at the end of the range.
+.TP
+.BI y/ regexp / " command
+Like
+.BR x ,
+but run the command for each substring that lies before, between,
+or after
+the matches that would be generated by
+.BR x .
+There is no default regular expression.
+Null substrings potentially occur before every character
+in the range.
+.TP
+.BI \*aX/ regexp / " command
+For each file whose menu entry matches the regular expression,
+make that the current file and
+run the command.
+If the expression is omitted, the command is run
+in every file.
+.TP
+.BI \*aY/ regexp / " command
+Same as
+.BR X ,
+but for files that do not match the regular expression,
+and the expression is required.
+.TP
+.BI g/ regexp / " command
+.br
+.ns
+.TP
+.BI v/ regexp / " command
+If the range contains
+.RB ( g )
+or does not contain
+.RB ( v )
+a match for the expression,
+set dot to the range and run the command.
+.PP
+These may be nested arbitrarily deeply, but only one instance of either
+.B X
+or
+.B Y
+may appear in a \%single command.
+An empty command in an
+.B x
+or
+.B y
+defaults to
+.BR p ;
+an empty command in
+.B X
+or
+.B Y
+defaults to
+.BR f .
+.B g
+and
+.B v
+do not have defaults.
+.PD
+.SS Miscellany
+.TF (empty)
+.TP
+.B k
+Set the current file's mark to the range.  Does not set dot.
+.TP
+.B \*aq
+Quit.
+It is an error to quit with modified files, but a second
+.B q
+will succeed.
+.TP
+.BI \*au " n
+Undo the last
+.I n
+(default 1)
+top-level commands that changed the contents or name of the
+current file, and any other file whose most recent change was simultaneous
+with the current file's change.
+Successive
+.BR u 's
+move further back in time.
+The only commands for which u is ineffective are
+.BR cd ,
+.BR u ,
+.BR q ,
+.B w
+and
+.BR D .
+If
+.I n
+is negative,
+.B u
+`redoes,' undoing the undo, going forwards in time again.
+.TP
+(empty)
+If the range is explicit, set dot to the range.
+If
+.I sam
+is downloaded, the resulting dot is selected on the screen;
+otherwise it is printed.
+If no address is specified (the
+command is a newline) dot is extended in either direction to
+line boundaries and printed.
+If dot is thereby unchanged, it is set to
+.B .+1 
+and printed.
+.PD
+.SS Grouping and multiple changes
+Commands may be grouped by enclosing them in braces
+.BR {} .
+Commands within the braces must appear on separate lines (no backslashes are
+required between commands).
+Semantically, an opening brace is like a command:
+it takes an (optional) address and sets dot for each sub-command.
+Commands within the braces are executed sequentially, but changes made
+by one command are not visible to other commands (see the next
+paragraph).
+Braces may be nested arbitrarily.
+.PP
+When a command makes a number of changes to a file, as in
+.BR x/re/c/text/ ,
+the addresses of all changes to the file are computed in the original file.
+If the changes are in sequence,
+they are applied to the file.
+Successive insertions at the same address are catenated into a single
+insertion composed of the several insertions in the order applied.
+.SS The terminal
+What follows refers to behavior of
+.I sam
+when downloaded, that is, when
+operating as a display editor on a raster display.
+This is the default
+behavior; invoking
+.I sam
+with the
+.B -d
+(no download) option provides access
+to the command language only.
+.PP
+Each file may have zero or more windows open.
+Each window is equivalent
+and is updated simultaneously with changes in other windows on the same file.
+Each window has an independent value of dot, indicated by a highlighted
+substring on the display.
+Dot may be in a region not within
+the window.
+There is usually a `current window',
+marked with a dark border, to which typed text and editing
+commands apply.
+Text may be typed and edited as in
+.IR rio (1);
+also the escape key (ESC) selects (sets dot to) text typed
+since the last mouse button hit.
+.PP
+The button 3 menu controls window operations.
+The top of the menu
+provides the following operators, each of which uses one or
+more
+.IR rio -like
+cursors to prompt for selection of a window or sweeping
+of a rectangle.
+`Sweeping' a null rectangle gets a large window, disjoint
+from the command window or the whole screen, depending on
+where the null rectangle is.
+.TF resize
+.TP 
+.B new
+Create a new, empty file.
+.TP
+.B zerox
+Create a copy of an existing window.
+.TP
+.B resize
+As in
+.IR rio .
+.TP
+.B close
+Delete the window.
+In the last window of a file,
+.B close
+is equivalent to a
+.B D
+for the file.
+.TP
+.B write
+Equivalent to a
+.B w
+for the file.
+.PD
+.PP
+Below these operators is a list of available files, starting with
+.BR ~~sam~~ ,
+the command window.
+Selecting a file from the list makes the most recently
+used window on that file current, unless it is already current, in which
+case selections cycle through the open windows.
+If no windows are open
+on the file, the user is prompted to open one.
+Files other than
+.B ~~sam~~
+are marked with one of the characters
+.B -+*
+according as zero, one, or more windows
+are open on the file.
+A further mark
+.L .
+appears on the file in the current window and
+a single quote,
+.BR ' ,
+on a file modified since last write.
+.PP
+The command window, created automatically when
+.B sam
+starts, is an ordinary window except that text typed to it
+is interpreted as commands for the editor rather than passive text,
+and text printed by editor commands appears in it.
+The behavior is like
+.IR rio ,
+with an `output point' that separates commands being typed from
+previous output.
+Commands typed in the command window apply to the
+current open file\(emthe file in the most recently
+current window.
+.SS Manipulating text
+Button 1 changes selection, much like
+.IR rio .
+Pointing to a non-current window with button 1 makes it current;
+within the current window, button 1 selects text, thus setting dot.
+Double-clicking selects text to the boundaries of words, lines,
+quoted strings or bracketed strings, depending on the text at the click.
+.PP
+Button 2 provides a menu of editing commands:
+.TF /regexp
+.TP
+.B cut
+Delete dot and save the deleted text in the snarf buffer.
+.TP
+.B paste
+Replace the text in dot by the contents of the snarf buffer.
+.TP
+.B snarf
+Save the text in dot in the snarf buffer.
+.TP
+.B plumb
+Send the text in the selection as a plumb
+message.  If the selection is empty,
+the white-space-delimited block of text is sent as a plumb message
+with a
+.B click
+attribute defining where the selection lies (see
+.IR plumb (6)).
+.TP
+.B look
+Search forward for the next occurrence of the literal text in dot.
+If dot is the null string, the text in the snarf buffer is
+used.
+The snarf buffer is unaffected.
+.TP
+.B <rio>
+Exchange snarf buffers with
+.IR rio .
+.TP
+.BI / regexp
+Search forward for the next match of the last regular expression
+typed in a command.
+(Not in command window.)
+.TP
+.B send
+Send the text in dot, or the snarf buffer if
+dot is the null string, as if it were typed to the command window.
+Saves the sent text in the snarf buffer.
+(Command window only.) 
+.PD
+.SS External communication
+.I Sam
+listens to the
+.B edit
+plumb port.
+If plumbing is not active,
+on invocation
+.I sam
+creates a named pipe
+.BI /srv/sam. user
+which acts as an additional source of commands.  Characters written to
+the named pipe are treated as if they had been typed in the command window.
+.PP
+.I B
+is a shell-level command that causes an instance of
+.I sam
+running on the same terminal to load the named
+.IR files .
+.I B
+uses either plumbing or the named pipe, whichever service is available.
+If plumbing is not enabled,
+the option allows a line number to be specified for
+the initial position to display in the last named file
+(plumbing provides a more general mechanism for this ability).
+.SS Abnormal termination
+If
+.I sam
+terminates other than by a
+.B q
+command (by hangup, deleting its window, etc.), modified
+files are saved in an
+executable file,
+.BR $home/sam.save .
+This program, when executed, asks whether to write
+each file back to a external file.
+The answer
+.L y
+causes writing; anything else skips the file.
+.SH FILES
+.TF /sys/src/cmd/samterm
+.TP
+.B $home/sam.save
+.TP
+.B $home/sam.err
+.TP
+.B /sys/lib/samsave
+the program called to unpack
+.BR $home/sam.save .
+.SH SOURCE
+.TF /sys/src/cmd/samterm
+.TP
+.B /sys/src/cmd/sam
+source for
+.I sam
+itself
+.TP
+.B /sys/src/cmd/samterm
+source for the separate terminal part
+.TP
+.B /rc/bin/B
+.SH SEE ALSO
+.IR ed (1),
+.IR sed (1),
+.IR grep (1),
+.IR rio (1),
+.IR regexp (6).
+.PP
+Rob Pike,
+``The text editor sam''.
diff --git a/man/man1/seq.1 b/man/man1/seq.1
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..60d1f12a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/man1/seq.1
@@ -0,0 +1,75 @@
+.TH SEQ 1
+.SH NAME
+seq \- print sequences of numbers
+.SH SYNOPSIS
+.B seq
+[
+.B -w
+]
+[
+.BI -f format
+]
+[
+.I first
+[
+.I incr
+]
+]
+.I last
+.SH DESCRIPTION
+.I Seq
+prints a sequence of numbers, one per line, from
+.I first
+(default 1) to as near 
+.I last
+as possible, in increments of
+.I incr
+(default 1).
+The loop is:
+.sp
+.EX
+  for(val = min; val <= max; val += incr) print val;
+.EE
+.sp
+The numbers are interpreted as floating point.
+.PP
+Normally integer values are printed as decimal integers.
+The options are
+.TP "\w'\fL-f \fIformat\fLXX'u"
+.BI -f format
+Use the 
+.IR print (2)-style
+.I format
+.IR print
+for printing each (floating point) number.
+The default is 
+.LR %g .
+.TP
+.B -w
+Equalize the widths of all numbers by padding with
+leading zeros as necessary.
+Not effective with option
+.BR -f ,
+nor with numbers in exponential notation.
+.SH EXAMPLES
+.TP
+.L
+seq 0 .05 .1
+Print
+.BR "0 0.05 0.1" 
+(on separate lines).
+.TP
+.L
+seq -w 0 .05 .1
+Print
+.BR "0.00 0.05 0.10" .
+.SH SOURCE
+.B /sys/src/cmd/seq.c
+.SH BUGS
+Option
+.B -w
+always surveys every value in advance.
+Thus
+.L
+seq -w 1000000000
+is a painful way to get an `infinite' sequence.
diff --git a/man/man1/sleep.1 b/man/man1/sleep.1
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..61169e96
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/man1/sleep.1
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+.TH SLEEP 1
+.SH NAME
+sleep \- suspend execution for an interval
+.SH SYNOPSIS
+.B sleep
+.I time
+.SH DESCRIPTION
+.I Sleep
+suspends execution for
+.I time
+seconds.
+.SH EXAMPLES
+Execute a command
+100 seconds hence.
+.IP
+.EX
+{sleep 100; command}&
+.EE
+.PP
+Repeat a command every 30 seconds.
+.IP
+.EX
+while (){
+	command
+	sleep 30
+}
+.EE
+.SH SOURCE
+.B /sys/src/cmd/sleep.c
+.SH "SEE ALSO"
+.IR sleep (2)
diff --git a/man/man1/sort.1 b/man/man1/sort.1
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..6dded61a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/man1/sort.1
@@ -0,0 +1,260 @@
+.TH SORT 1 
+.SH NAME
+sort \- sort and/or merge files
+.SH SYNOPSIS
+.B sort
+[
+.BI -cmuMbdf\&inrwt x
+]
+[
+.BI + pos1
+[
+.BI - pos2
+] ...
+] ...
+[
+.B -k
+.I pos1
+[
+.I ,pos2
+]
+] ...
+[
+.B -o
+.I output
+]
+[
+.B -T
+.I dir
+\&...
+]
+[
+.I option
+\&...
+]
+[
+.I file
+\&...
+]
+.SH DESCRIPTION
+.I Sort\^
+sorts
+lines of all the
+.I files
+together and writes the result on
+the standard output.
+If no input files are named, the standard input is sorted.
+.PP
+The default sort key is an entire line.
+Default ordering is
+lexicographic by runes.
+The ordering is affected globally by the following options,
+one or more of which may appear.
+.TP
+.B -M
+Compare as months.
+The first three
+non-white space characters
+of the field
+are folded
+to upper case
+and compared
+so that
+.L JAN
+precedes
+.LR FEB ,
+etc.
+Invalid fields
+compare low to
+.LR JAN .
+.TP
+.B -b
+Ignore leading white space (spaces and tabs) in field comparisons.
+.TP
+.B -d
+`Phone directory' order:
+only letters,
+accented letters,
+digits and white space
+are significant in comparisons.
+.TP
+.B -f
+Fold lower case
+letters onto upper case.
+Accented characters are folded to their
+non-accented upper case form.
+.TP
+.B -i
+Ignore characters outside the
+.SM ASCII
+range 040-0176
+in non-numeric comparisons.
+.TP
+.B -w
+Like
+.BR -i ,
+but ignore only tabs and spaces.
+.TP
+.B -n
+An initial numeric string,
+consisting of optional white space,
+optional plus or minus sign,
+and zero or more digits with optional decimal point,
+is sorted by arithmetic value.
+.TP
+.B -g
+Numbers, like
+.B -n 
+but with optional 
+.BR e -style
+exponents, are sorted by value.
+.TP
+.B -r
+Reverse the sense of comparisons.
+.TP
+.BI -t x\^
+`Tab character' separating fields is
+.IR x .
+.PP
+The notation
+.BI + "pos1\| " - pos2\^
+restricts a sort key to a field beginning at
+.I pos1\^
+and ending just before
+.IR pos2 .
+.I Pos1\^
+and
+.I pos2\^
+each have the form
+.IB m . n\f1,
+optionally followed by one or more of the flags
+.BR Mbdfginr ,
+where
+.I m\^
+tells a number of fields to skip from the beginning of the line and
+.I n\^
+tells a number of characters to skip further.
+If any flags are present they override all the global
+ordering options for this key.
+A missing
+.BI \&. n\^
+means
+.BR \&.0 ;
+a missing
+.BI - pos2\^
+means the end of the line.
+Under the
+.BI -t x\^
+option, fields are strings separated by
+.IR x ;
+otherwise fields are
+non-empty strings separated by white space.
+White space before a field
+is part of the field, except under option
+.BR -b .
+A
+.B b
+flag may be attached independently to
+.IR pos1
+and
+.IR pos2.
+.PP
+The notation
+.B -k
+.IR pos1 [, pos2 ]
+is how POSIX
+.I sort
+defines fields:
+.I pos1
+and
+.I pos2
+have the same format but different meanings.
+The value of
+.I  m\^
+is origin 1 instead of origin 0
+and a missing
+.BI \&. n\^
+in
+.I pos2
+is the end of the field.
+.PP
+When there are multiple sort keys, later keys
+are compared only after all earlier keys
+compare equal.
+Lines that otherwise compare equal are ordered
+with all bytes significant.
+.PP
+These option arguments are also understood:
+.TP \w'\fL-z\fIrecsize\fLXX'u
+.B -c
+Check that the single input file is sorted according to the ordering rules;
+give no output unless the file is out of sort.
+.TP
+.B -m
+Merge; assume the input files are already sorted.
+.TP
+.B -u
+Suppress all but one in each
+set of equal lines.
+Ignored bytes
+and bytes outside keys
+do not participate in
+this comparison.
+.TP
+.B -o
+The next argument is the name of an output file
+to use instead of the standard output.
+This file may be the same as one of the inputs.
+.TP
+.BI -T dir
+Put temporary files in
+.I dir
+rather than in
+.BR /tmp .
+.ne 4
+.SH EXAMPLES
+.TP
+.L sort -u +0f +0 list
+Print in alphabetical order all the unique spellings
+in a list of words
+where capitalized words differ from uncapitalized.
+.TP
+.L sort -t: +1 /adm/users
+Print the users file
+sorted by user name
+(the second colon-separated field).
+.TP
+.L sort -umM dates
+Print the first instance of each month in an already sorted file.
+Options
+.B -um
+with just one input file make the choice of a
+unique representative from a set of equal lines predictable.
+.TP
+.L
+grep -n '^' input | sort -t: +1f +0n | sed 's/[0-9]*://'
+A stable sort: input lines that compare equal will 
+come out in their original order.
+.SH FILES
+.BI /tmp/sort. <pid>.<ordinal>
+.SH SOURCE
+.B /sys/src/cmd/sort.c
+.SH SEE ALSO
+.IR uniq (1),
+.IR look (1)
+.SH DIAGNOSTICS
+.I Sort
+comments and exits with non-null status for various trouble
+conditions and for disorder discovered under option
+.BR -c .
+.SH BUGS
+An external null character can be confused
+with an internally generated end-of-field character.
+The result can make a sub-field not sort
+less than a longer field.
+.PP
+Some of the options, e.g.
+.B -i
+and
+.BR -M ,
+are hopelessly provincial.
diff --git a/man/man1/spell.1 b/man/man1/spell.1
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..8298452c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/man1/spell.1
@@ -0,0 +1,96 @@
+.TH SPELL 1
+.SH NAME
+spell, sprog \- find spelling errors
+.SH SYNOPSIS
+.B spell
+[
+.I options
+]
+\&...
+[
+.I file
+]
+\&...
+.PP
+.B sprog
+[
+.I options
+]
+[
+.B -f
+.I file
+]
+.SH DESCRIPTION
+.I Spell
+looks up words from the named
+.I files
+(standard input default)
+in a spelling list and places
+possible misspellings\(emwords 
+not sanctioned there\(emon the standard output.
+.PP
+.I Spell
+ignores constructs of
+.IR troff (1)
+and its standard preprocessors.
+It understands these options:
+.TP
+.B -b
+Check British spelling.
+.TP
+.B -v
+Print all words not literally in the spelling list, with
+derivations.
+.TP
+.B -x
+Print, marked with
+.LR = ,
+every stem as it is looked up in the spelling list,
+along with its affix classes.
+.PP
+As a matter of policy, 
+.I spell
+does not admit multiple spellings of the same word.
+Variants that follow general rules are preferred
+over those that don't, even when the unruly spelling is
+more common.
+Thus, in American usage, `modelled', `sizeable', and `judgment' are
+rejected in favor of `modeled', `sizable', and `judgement'.
+Agglutinated variants are shunned: `crewmember' and `backyard'
+cede to `crew member' and  `back yard' (noun) or `back-yard' 
+(adjective).
+.SH FILES
+.TF /sys/lib/brspell
+.TP
+.B /sys/lib/amspell
+American spelling list
+.TP
+.B /sys/lib/brspell
+British spelling list
+.TP
+.B /bin/aux/sprog
+The actual spelling checker.
+It expects one word per line on standard input,
+and takes the same arguments as
+.IR spell .
+.SH SOURCE
+.TF /sys/src/cmd/spell
+.TP
+.B /rc/bin/spell
+the script
+.TP
+.B /sys/src/cmd/spell
+source for
+.I sprog
+.SH SEE ALSO
+.IR deroff (1)
+.SH BUGS
+The heuristics of
+.IR deroff (1)
+used to excise formatting information are imperfect.
+.br
+The spelling list's coverage is uneven;
+in particular biology, medicine, and chemistry, and
+perforce proper names,
+not to mention languages other than English,
+are covered very lightly.
diff --git a/man/man1/split.1 b/man/man1/split.1
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ffb012d7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/man1/split.1
@@ -0,0 +1,82 @@
+.TH SPLIT 1
+.CT 1 files
+.SH NAME
+split \- split a file into pieces
+.SH SYNOPSIS
+.B split
+[
+.I option ...
+]
+[
+.I file
+]
+.SH DESCRIPTION
+.I Split
+reads
+.I file
+(standard input by default)
+and writes it in pieces of 1000
+lines per output file.
+The names of the
+output files are
+.BR xaa ,
+.BR xab ,
+and so on to
+.BR xzz .
+The options are
+.TP
+.BI -n " n"
+Split into
+.IR n -line
+pieces.
+.TP
+.BI -l " n"
+Synonym for
+.B -n
+.IR n ,
+a nod to Unix's syntax.
+.TP
+.BI -e " expression"
+File divisions occur at each line
+that matches a regular
+.IR expression ;
+see 
+.IR regexp (6).
+Multiple
+.B -e
+options may appear.
+If a subexpression of
+.I expression
+is contained in parentheses
+.BR ( ... ) ,
+the output file name is the portion of the
+line which matches the subexpression.
+.TP
+.BI -f " stem
+Use
+.I stem
+instead of
+.B x
+in output file names.
+.TP
+.BI -s " suffix
+Append
+.I suffix
+to names identified under
+.BR -e .
+.TP
+.B -x
+Exclude the matched input line from the output file.
+.TP
+.B -i
+Ignore case in option
+.BR -e ;
+force output file names (excluding the suffix)
+to lower case.
+.SH SOURCE
+.B /sys/src/cmd/split.c
+.SH SEE ALSO
+.IR sed (1), 
+.IR awk (1),
+.IR grep (1),
+.IR regexp (6)
diff --git a/man/man1/strings.1 b/man/man1/strings.1
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d72ffbb1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/man1/strings.1
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+.TH STRINGS 1
+.SH NAME
+strings \- extract printable strings
+.SH SYNOPSIS
+.B strings
+[
+.I file ...
+]
+.SH DESCRIPTION
+.I Strings
+finds and prints strings containing 6 or more
+consecutive printable UTF-encoded characters
+in a (typically) binary file, default
+standard input.
+Printable characters are taken to be
+.SM ASCII
+characters from blank through tilde (hexadecimal 20 through 7E), inclusive,
+and
+all other characters from value 00A0 to FFFF.
+Strings reports
+the decimal offset within the file at which the string starts and the text
+of the string. If the string is longer than 70 runes the line is
+terminated by three dots and the printing is resumed on the next
+line with the offset of the continuation line.
+.SH SOURCE
+.B /sys/src/cmd/strings.c
+.SH SEE ALSO
+.IR nm (1)
diff --git a/man/man1/sum.1 b/man/man1/sum.1
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d981c8c7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/man1/sum.1
@@ -0,0 +1,77 @@
+.TH SUM 1
+.SH NAME
+sum, md5sum, sha1sum \- sum and count blocks in a file
+.SH SYNOPSIS
+.B sum
+[
+.B -5r
+]
+[
+.I file ...
+]
+.PP
+.B md5sum
+[
+.I file ...
+]
+.PP
+.B sha1sum
+[
+.I file ...
+]
+.SH DESCRIPTION
+By default,
+.I sum
+calculates and prints a 32-bit hexadecimal checksum,
+a byte count,
+and the name of
+each
+.IR file .
+The checksum is also a function of the input length.
+If no files are given,
+the standard input is
+summed.
+Other summing algorithms are available.
+The options are
+.TP
+.B -r
+Sum with the algorithm of System V's
+.B "sum -r"
+and print the length (in 1K blocks) of the input.
+.TP
+.B -5
+Sum with System V's default algorithm
+and print the length (in 512-byte blocks) of the input.
+.PP
+.I Sum
+is typically used to look for bad spots,
+to validate a file communicated over
+some transmission line or
+as a quick way to determine if two files on different machines might be the same.
+.PP
+.B Md5sum
+computes the 32 hex digit RSA Data Security, Inc. MD5 Message-Digest Algorithm
+described in RFC1321.
+If no
+.I files
+are given,
+the standard input is
+summed.
+.PP
+.B Sha1sum
+computes the 40 hex digit National Institute of Standards and Technology SHA1 secure hash algorithm
+described in FIPS PUB 180-1.
+If no
+.I files
+are given,
+the standard input is
+summed.
+.SH SOURCE
+.B /sys/src/cmd/sum.c
+.br
+.B /sys/src/cmd/md5sum.c
+.br
+.B /sys/src/cmd/sha1sum.c
+.SH "SEE ALSO"
+.IR cmp (1),
+.IR wc (1)
diff --git a/man/man1/tail.1 b/man/man1/tail.1
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b2d880b6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/man1/tail.1
@@ -0,0 +1,87 @@
+.TH TAIL 1
+.SH NAME
+tail \- deliver the last part of a file
+.SH SYNOPSIS
+.B tail
+[
+.BR +- \fInumber\fP[ lbc ][ rf ]
+]
+[
+.I file
+]
+.PP
+.B tail
+[
+.B -fr
+]
+[
+.B -n
+.I nlines
+]
+[
+.B -c
+.I nbytes
+]
+[
+.I file
+]
+.SH DESCRIPTION
+.I Tail
+copies the named file to the standard output beginning
+at a designated place.
+If no file is named, the standard input is copied.
+.PP
+Copying begins at position
+.BI + number
+measured from the beginning, or
+.BI - number
+from the end of the input.
+.I Number
+is counted in lines, 1K blocks or bytes,
+according to the appended flag
+.LR l ,
+.LR b ,
+or
+.LR c .
+Default is
+.B -10l
+(ten ell).
+.PP
+The further flag
+.L r
+causes tail to print lines from the end of the file in reverse order;
+.L f
+(follow) causes
+.IR tail ,
+after printing to the end, to keep watch and
+print further data as it appears.
+.PP
+The second syntax is that promulgated by POSIX, where
+the
+.I numbers
+rather than the options are signed.
+.SH EXAMPLES
+.TP
+.B tail file
+Print the last 10 lines of a file.
+.TP
+.B tail +0f file
+Print a file, and continue to watch
+data accumulate as it grows.
+.TP
+.B sed 10q file
+Print the first 10 lines of a file.
+.SH SOURCE
+.B /sys/src/cmd/tail.c
+.SH BUGS
+Tails relative to the end of the file
+are treasured up in a buffer, and thus
+are limited in length.
+.br
+According to custom, option
+.BI + number
+counts lines from 1, and counts
+blocks and bytes from 0.
+.br
+.I Tail
+is ignorant of UTF.
diff --git a/man/man1/tar.1 b/man/man1/tar.1
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..8ef56d06
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/man1/tar.1
@@ -0,0 +1,118 @@
+.TH TAR 1
+.SH NAME
+tar \- archiver
+.SH SYNOPSIS
+.B tar
+.I key
+[
+.I file ...
+]
+.SH DESCRIPTION
+.PP
+.I Tar
+saves and restores file trees.
+It is most often used to transport a tree of files from one
+system to another.
+The
+.I key
+is a string that contains
+at most one function letter plus optional modifiers.
+Other arguments to the command are names of
+files or directories to be dumped or restored.
+A directory name implies all the contained
+files and subdirectories (recursively).
+.PP
+The function is one of the following letters:
+.TP
+.B  c
+Create a new archive with the given files as contents.
+.TP
+.B  x
+Extract the named files from the archive.
+If a file is a directory, the directory is extracted recursively.
+Modes are restored if possible.
+If no file argument is given, extract the entire archive.
+If the archive contains multiple entries for a file,
+the latest one wins.
+.TP
+.B  t
+List all occurrences of each 
+.I file
+in the archive, or of all files if there are no
+.I file
+arguments.
+.TP
+.B  r
+The named files
+are appended to the archive.
+.PP
+The modifiers are:
+.TP
+.B  v
+(verbose)
+Print the name of each file treated
+preceded by the function letter.
+With 
+.BR t ,
+give more details about the
+archive entries.
+.TP
+.B f
+Use the next argument as the name of the archive instead of
+the default standard input (for keys
+.B x
+and
+.BR t )
+or standard output (for keys
+.B c
+and
+.BR r ).
+.TP
+.B u
+Use the next (numeric) argument as the user id for files in
+the output archive.  This is only useful when moving files to
+a non-Plan 9 system.
+.TP
+.B g
+Use the next (numeric) argument as the group id for files in
+the output archive.
+.TP
+.B p
+Create archive in POSIX ustar format,
+which raises the maximum pathname length from 100 to 256 bytes.
+Ustar archives are recognised automatically by
+.I tar
+when reading archives.
+.TP
+.B R
+When extracting, ignore leading slash on file names,
+i.e., extract all files relative to the current directory.
+.TP
+.B T
+Modifies the behavior of
+.B x
+to set the mode and modified time
+of each file to that specified in the archive.
+.SH EXAMPLES
+.I Tar
+can be used to copy hierarchies thus:
+.IP
+.EX
+@{cd fromdir && tar cp .} | @{cd todir && tar xT}
+.EE
+.SH SOURCE
+.B /sys/src/cmd/tar.c
+.SH SEE ALSO
+.IR ar (1),
+.IR bundle (1),
+.IR tapefs (1)
+.SH BUGS
+There is no way to ask for any but the last
+occurrence of a file.
+.br
+File path names are limited to
+100 characters
+(256 when using ustar format).
+.br
+The tar format allows specification of links and symbolic links,
+concepts foreign to Plan 9: they are ignored.
diff --git a/man/man1/tee.1 b/man/man1/tee.1
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d237fb7f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/man1/tee.1
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+.TH TEE 1
+.SH NAME
+tee \- pipe fitting
+.SH SYNOPSIS
+.B tee
+[
+.B -i
+]
+[
+.B -a
+]
+.I files
+.SH DESCRIPTION
+.I Tee
+transcribes the standard input to the standard
+output and makes copies in the
+.IR files .
+The options are
+.TP
+.B -i
+Ignore interrupts.
+.TP
+.B -a
+Append the output to the
+.I files
+rather than rewriting them.
+.SH SOURCE
+.B /sys/src/cmd/tee.c
diff --git a/man/man1/test.1 b/man/man1/test.1
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..86f0cd34
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/man1/test.1
@@ -0,0 +1,211 @@
+.TH TEST 1
+.SH NAME
+test \- set status according to condition
+.SH SYNOPSIS
+.B test
+.I expr
+.SH DESCRIPTION
+.I Test
+evaluates the expression
+.IR expr .
+If the value is true the exit status is null; otherwise the
+exit status is non-null.
+If there are no arguments the exit status is non-null.
+.PP
+The following primitives are used to construct
+.IR expr .
+.TP "\w'\fIn1 \fL-eq \fIn2\fLXX'u"
+.BI -r " file"
+True if the file exists (is accessible) and is readable.
+.PD0
+.TP
+.BI -w " file"
+True if the file exists and is writable.
+.TP
+.BI -x " file"
+True if the file exists and has execute permission.
+.TP
+.BI -e " file
+True if the file exists.
+.TP
+.BI -f " file"
+True if the file exists and is a plain file.
+.TP
+.BI -d " file"
+True if the file exists and is a directory.
+.TP
+.BI -s " file"
+True if the file exists and has a size greater than zero.
+.TP
+.BI -t " fildes
+True if the open file whose file descriptor number is
+.I fildes
+(1 by default)
+is the same file as
+.BR /dev/cons .
+.TP
+.BI -A " file"
+True if the file exists and is append-only.
+.TP
+.BI -L " file"
+True if the file exists and is exclusive-use.
+.TP
+.BI -T "file"
+True if the file exists and is temporary.
+.TP
+.IB s1 " = " s2
+True
+if the strings
+.I s1
+and
+.I s2
+are identical.
+.TP
+.IB s1 " != " s2
+True
+if the strings
+.I s1
+and
+.I s2
+are not identical.
+.TP
+s1
+True if
+.I s1
+is not the null string.
+(Deprecated.)
+.TP
+.BI -n " s1"
+True if the length of string
+.I s1
+is non-zero.
+.TP
+.BI -z " s1"
+True if the length of string
+.I s1
+is zero.
+.TP
+.IB n1 " -eq " n2
+True if the integers
+.I n1
+and
+.I n2
+are arithmetically equal.
+Any of the comparisons
+.BR -ne ,
+.BR -gt ,
+.BR -ge ,
+.BR -lt ,
+or
+.BR -le
+may be used in place of
+.BR -eq .
+The (nonstandard) construct
+.BI -l " string\f1,
+meaning the length of
+.IR string ,
+may be used in place of an integer.
+.TP
+.IB a " -nt " b
+True if file
+.I a
+is newer than (modified after) file
+.IR b .
+.TP
+.IB a " -ot " b
+True if file
+.I a
+is older than (modified before) file
+.IR b .
+.TP
+.IB f " -older " t
+True if file
+.I f
+is older than (modified before) time
+.IR t .
+If
+.I t
+is a integer followed by the letters
+.BR y (years),
+.BR M (months),
+.BR d (days),
+.BR h (hours),
+.BR m (minutes),
+or
+.BR s (seconds),
+it represents current time minus the specified time.
+If there is no letter, it represents seconds since
+epoch.
+You can also concatenate mixed units.  For example,
+.B 3d12h
+means three days and twelve hours ago.
+.PD
+.PP
+These primaries may be combined with the
+following operators:
+.TP "\w'\fL( \fIexpr\fL )XX'u"
+.B  !
+unary negation operator
+.PD0
+.TP
+.B  -o
+binary
+.I or
+operator
+.TP
+.B  -a
+binary
+.I and
+operator; higher precedence than
+.BR -o
+.TP
+.BI "( " expr " )"
+parentheses for grouping.
+.PD
+.PP
+The primitives
+.BR -b ,
+.BR -u ,
+.BR -g ,
+and
+.BR -s
+return false; they are recognized for compatibility with POSIX.
+.PP
+Notice that all the operators and flags are separate
+arguments to
+.IR test .
+Notice also that parentheses and equal signs are meaningful
+to
+.I rc
+and must be enclosed in quotes.
+.SH EXAMPLES
+.I Test
+is a dubious way to check for specific character strings:
+it uses a process to do what an
+.IR rc (1)
+match or switch statement can do.
+The first example is not only inefficient but wrong, because
+.I test
+understands the purported string
+.B  \&"-c"
+as an option.
+.IP
+.EX
+if (test $1 '=' "-c") echo OK	# wrong!
+.EE
+.LP
+A better way is
+.IP
+.EX
+if (~ $1 -c) echo OK
+.EE
+.PP
+Test whether 
+.L abc
+is in the current directory.
+.IP
+.B test -f abc -o -d abc
+.SH SOURCE
+.B /sys/src/cmd/test.c
+.SH "SEE ALSO"
+.IR rc (1) 
diff --git a/man/man1/time.1 b/man/man1/time.1
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..2c6b834b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/man1/time.1
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+.TH TIME 1
+.SH NAME
+time \- time a command
+.SH SYNOPSIS
+.B time
+.I command
+[
+.I arg ...
+]
+.SH DESCRIPTION
+The
+.I command
+is executed with the given arguments; after it is complete,
+.I time
+reports on standard error the program's elapsed user time,
+system time, and real time, in seconds,
+followed by the command line.
+.SH SOURCE
+.B /sys/src/cmd/time.c
+.SH "SEE ALSO"
+.IR prof (1)
diff --git a/man/man1/touch.1 b/man/man1/touch.1
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ac5937ec
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/man1/touch.1
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+.TH TOUCH 1
+.SH NAME
+touch \- set modification date of a file
+.SH SYNOPSIS
+.B touch
+[
+.B -c
+]
+[
+.B -t
+.I time
+]
+.I file ...
+.SH DESCRIPTION
+.I Touch
+attempts to set the modification time of the
+.I files
+to 
+.I time
+(by default, the current time).
+If a
+.I file
+does not exist,
+it will be created unless option
+.B -c
+is present.
+.SH SOURCE
+.B /sys/src/cmd/touch.c
+.SH SEE ALSO
+.IR ls (1),
+.IR stat (2),
+.IR chmod (1)
+.SH BUGS
+.I Touch
+will not touch directories.
diff --git a/man/man1/tr.1 b/man/man1/tr.1
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0e11f5b9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/man1/tr.1
@@ -0,0 +1,97 @@
+.TH TR 1
+.SH NAME
+tr \- translate characters
+.SH SYNOPSIS
+.B tr
+[
+.B -cds
+]
+[
+.I string1
+[
+.I string2
+]
+]
+.SH DESCRIPTION
+.I Tr
+copies the standard input to the standard output with
+substitution or deletion of selected characters (runes).
+Input characters found in
+.I string1
+are mapped into the corresponding characters of
+.IR string2 .
+When
+.I string2
+is short it is padded to the length of
+.I string1
+by duplicating its last character.
+Any combination of the options
+.B -cds
+may be used:
+.TP
+.B -c
+Complement
+.IR string1 :
+replace it with a lexicographically ordered
+list of all other characters.
+.TP
+.B -d
+Delete from input all characters in
+.IR string1 .
+.TP
+.B -s
+Squeeze repeated output characters that occur in
+.I string2
+to single characters.
+.PP
+In either string a noninitial sequence
+.BI - x\f1,
+where 
+.I x
+is any character (possibly quoted), stands for
+a range of characters:
+a possibly empty sequence of codes running from
+the successor of the previous code up through
+the code for
+.IR x .
+The character
+.L \e
+followed by 1, 2 or 3 octal digits stands for the
+character whose
+16-bit
+value is given by those digits.
+The character sequence
+.L \ex
+followed by 1, 2, 3, or 4 hexadecimal digits stands
+for the character whose
+16-bit value is given by those digits.
+A 
+.L \e
+followed by any other character stands
+for that character.
+.SH EXAMPLES
+Replace all upper-case
+.SM ASCII
+letters by lower-case.
+.IP
+.EX
+tr A-Z a-z <mixed >lower
+.EE
+.PP
+Create a list of all
+the words in
+.L file1
+one per line in
+.LR file2 ,
+where a word is taken to be a maximal string of alphabetics.
+.I String2
+is given as a quoted newline.
+.IP
+.EX
+tr -cs A-Za-z '
+\&' <file1 >file2
+.EE
+.SH SOURCE
+.B /sys/src/cmd/tr.c
+.SH "SEE ALSO"
+.IR sed (1)
diff --git a/man/man1/uniq.1 b/man/man1/uniq.1
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..65fcd49f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/man1/uniq.1
@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+.TH UNIQ 1
+.SH NAME
+uniq \- report repeated lines in a file
+.SH SYNOPSIS
+.B uniq
+[
+.B -udc
+[
+.BI +- num
+]
+]
+[
+.I file
+]
+.SH DESCRIPTION
+.I Uniq
+copies the input
+.IR file ,
+or the standard input, to the
+standard output, comparing adjacent lines.
+In the normal case, the second and succeeding copies
+of repeated lines are
+removed.
+Repeated lines must be adjacent
+in order to be found.
+.TP
+.B -u
+Print unique lines.
+.TP
+.B -d
+Print (one copy of) duplicated lines.
+.TP
+.B -c
+Prefix a repetition count and a tab to each output line.
+Implies
+.B -u
+and
+.BR -d .
+.TP
+.BI - num
+The first
+.IR num
+fields
+together with any blanks before each are ignored.
+A field is defined as a string of non-space, non-tab characters
+separated by tabs and spaces from its neighbors.
+.TP
+.BI + num
+The first
+.IR num
+characters are ignored.
+Fields are skipped before characters.
+.SH SOURCE
+.B /sys/src/cmd/uniq.c
+.SH "SEE ALSO"
+.IR sort (1) 
+.SH BUGS
+Field selection and comparison should be compatible with 
+.IR sort (1).
diff --git a/man/man1/wc.1 b/man/man1/wc.1
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..1c9768fc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/man1/wc.1
@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+.TH WC 1
+.SH NAME
+wc \- word count
+.SH SYNOPSIS
+.B wc
+[
+.B -lwrbc
+]
+[
+.I file ...
+]
+.SH DESCRIPTION
+.I Wc
+counts lines, words, runes, syntactically-invalid
+.SM UTF
+codes and bytes in the named
+.IR files ,
+or in the standard input if no file is named.
+A word is a maximal string of characters
+delimited by spaces, tabs or newlines.
+The count of runes includes invalid codes.
+.PP
+If the optional argument is present,
+just the specified counts (lines, words, runes, broken
+.SM UTF
+codes or bytes)
+are selected by the letters
+.BR l ,
+.BR w ,
+.BR r ,
+.BR b ,
+or
+.BR c .
+Otherwise, lines, words and bytes
+.RB ( -lwc )
+are reported.
+.SH SOURCE
+.B /sys/src/cmd/wc.c
+.SH BUGS
+The Unicode Standard has many blank characters scattered through it,
+but
+.I wc
+looks for only
+.SM ASCII
+space, tab and newline.
+.br
+.I Wc
+should have options to count suboptimal
+.SM UTF
+codes
+and bytes that cannot occur in any
+.SM UTF
+code.
diff --git a/man/man1/xd.1 b/man/man1/xd.1
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..cc2d394f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/man1/xd.1
@@ -0,0 +1,87 @@
+.TH XD 1
+.SH NAME
+xd \- hex, octal, decimal, or ASCII dump
+.SH SYNOPSIS
+.B xd
+[
+.I option ...
+]
+[
+.BI - "format ...
+] [
+.I file ...
+]
+.SH DESCRIPTION
+.I Xd
+concatenates and dumps the
+.I files
+(standard input by default)
+in one or more formats.
+Groups of 16 bytes are printed in each of the named formats, one
+format per line.
+Each line of output is prefixed by its address (byte offset)
+in the input file.
+The first line of output for each group is zero-padded; subsequent are blank-padded.
+.PP
+Formats other than
+.B -c
+are specified by pairs of characters telling size and style,
+.L 4x
+by default.
+The sizes are
+.TP \w'2\ or\ w\ \ \ 'u
+.BR 1 " or " b
+1-byte units.
+.PD0
+.TP
+.BR 2 " or " w
+2-byte big-endian units.
+.TP
+.BR 4 " or " l
+4-byte big-endian units.
+.TP
+.BR 8 " or " v
+8-byte big-endian units.
+.PD
+.PP
+The styles are
+.TP 0
+.B o
+Octal.
+.PD0
+.TP
+.B x
+Hexadecimal.
+.TP
+.B d
+Decimal.
+.PD
+.PP
+Other options are
+.TP \w'\fL-a\fIstyle\fLXX'u
+.B -c
+Format as
+.B 1x
+but print
+.SM ASCII
+representations or C escape sequences where possible.
+.TP
+.BI -a style
+Print file addresses in the given style (and size 4).
+.TP
+.B -u
+(Unbuffered) Flush the output buffer after each 16-byte sequence.
+.TP
+.B -s
+Reverse (swab) the order of bytes in each group of 4 before printing.
+.TP
+.B -r
+Print repeating groups of identical 16-byte sequences as the first group
+followed by an asterisk.
+.SH SOURCE
+.B /sys/src/cmd/xd.c
+.SH "SEE ALSO"
+.IR db (1)
+.SH BUGS
+The various output formats don't line up properly in the output of
+.IR xd .
diff --git a/man/man1/yacc.1 b/man/man1/yacc.1
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a965f953
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/man1/yacc.1
@@ -0,0 +1,167 @@
+.TH YACC 1
+.SH NAME
+yacc \- yet another compiler-compiler
+.SH SYNOPSIS
+.B yacc
+[
+.I option ...
+]
+.I grammar
+.SH DESCRIPTION
+.I Yacc
+converts a context-free grammar and translation code
+into a set of
+tables for an LR(1) parser and translator.
+The grammar may be ambiguous;
+specified precedence rules are used to break ambiguities.
+.PP
+The output file,
+.BR y.tab.c ,
+must be compiled by the C compiler
+to produce a program
+.LR yyparse .
+This program must be loaded with a lexical analyzer function,
+.B yylex(void)
+(often generated by
+.IR lex (1)),
+with a
+.B main(int argc, char *argv[])
+program, and with an error handling routine,
+.BR yyerror(char*) .
+.PP
+The options are
+.TP "\w'\fL-o \fIoutput\fLXX'u"
+.BI -o " output
+Direct output to the specified file instead of
+.BR y.tab.c .
+.TP
+.BI -D n
+Create file
+.BR y.debug ,
+containing diagnostic messages.
+To incorporate them in the parser, compile it with preprocessor symbol
+.B yydebug
+defined.
+The amount of 
+diagnostic output from the parser is regulated by
+value
+.IR n .
+The value 0 reports errors; 1 reports reductions;
+higher values (up to 4) include more information about
+state transitions.
+.TP
+.B -v
+Create file
+.BR y.output ,
+containing a description of the parsing tables and of
+conflicts arising from ambiguities in the grammar.
+.TP
+.B -d
+Create file
+.BR y.tab.h ,
+containing
+.B #define
+statements that associate
+.IR yacc -assigned
+`token codes' with user-declared `token names'.
+Include it in source files other than
+.B y.tab.c
+to give access to the token codes.
+.TP
+.BI -s " stem
+Change the prefix
+.L y 
+of the file names
+.BR y.tab.c ,
+.BR y.tab.h ,
+.BR y.debug ,
+and
+.B y.output
+to
+.IR stem .
+.TP
+.B -S
+Write a parser that uses
+Stdio
+instead of the
+.B print
+routines in libc.
+.PP
+The specification of
+.I yacc
+itself is essentially the same as the UNIX version
+described in the references mentioned below.
+Besides the
+.B -D
+option, the main relevant differences are:
+.IP
+The interface to the C environment is by default through
+.B <libc.h>
+rather than
+.BR <stdio.h> ;
+the
+.B -S
+option reverses this.
+.IP
+The parser accepts
+.SM UTF
+input text (see
+.IR utf (6)),
+which has a couple of effects.
+First, the return value of
+.B yylex()
+no longer fits in a
+.BR short ;
+second, the starting value for non-terminals is now 0xE000 rather than 257.
+.IP
+The generated parser can be recursive: actions can call
+.IR yyparse ,
+for example to implement a sort of
+.B #include
+statement in an interpreter.
+.IP
+Finally, some undocumented inner workings of the parser have been
+changed, which may affect programs that know too much about its structure.
+.SH FILES
+.TF /sys/lib/yaccpars
+.TP
+.B y.output
+.TP
+.B y.tab.c
+.TP
+.B y.tab.h
+.TP
+.B y.debug
+.TP
+.B y.tmp.*
+temporary file
+.TP
+.B y.acts.*
+temporary file
+.TP
+.B /sys/lib/yaccpar
+parser prototype
+.TP
+.B /sys/lib/yaccpars
+parser prototype using stdio
+.SH SOURCE
+.B /sys/src/cmd/yacc.c
+.SH "SEE ALSO"
+.IR lex (1)
+.br
+S. C. Johnson and R. Sethi,
+``Yacc: A parser generator'',
+.I
+Unix Research System Programmer's Manual,
+Tenth Edition, Volume 2
+.br
+B. W. Kernighan and Rob Pike,
+.I
+The UNIX Programming Environment,
+Prentice Hall, 1984
+.SH BUGS
+The parser may not have full information when it writes to
+.B y.debug
+so that the names of the tokens returned by
+.L yylex
+may be missing.